Covid-19 Food Systems Database Analysis

The aim of this website is to report the ongoing analysis of the CCRI’s COVID-19 and Food Systems Database. The current analysis is based on a version of the database downloaded on 14/01/2021.

All of the tables and plots shown on this website can be accessed as individual files HERE

1. Data import and cleaning

Load data and prepare for analysis:

• Trim white space on import
  
• Rename columns
  
• Reformat date column (convert from DD/MM/YY to YY/MM/DD)
  
• Remove empty records
  
• Remove duplicate records
  
• Sort by date (descending)
  
• Add unique ID column
• Correct ampersand import format

#> 1.1 Load libraries 
library(tidyverse) # Data muncging and analysis
library(here) # relative path management for reproducibility
library(lubridate) # for date string manipulation/conversion
library(janitor) # data cleaning functions
library(knitr) # report rendering with rmarkdown
library(ggplot2) # plots and visualisations

#> OLD DB  
#> 1.2 Import data (trimming white space in the process)
db <- read_csv(here("In", "C19_Food_DB_220114.csv"), trim_ws = TRUE)


#> NEW DB  
#> 1.2 Import data (trimming white space in the process)
db <- read_csv(here("In", "C19_Food_DB_220412.csv"), trim_ws = TRUE)

Table 1.1 Original database (“db”) on import - 1611 records

## Rows: 1,611
## Columns: 9
## $ Title                <chr> "Social Innovation and Food Provisioning during C~
## $ `Author(s) / Source` <chr> "Sustainability", "The Guardian", "BBC News", "BB~
## $ `Article Type`       <chr> "Journal article", "News article", "News article"~
## $ Date                 <chr> "17/12/2021", "29/12/2021", "16/12/2021", "16/12/~
## $ `Theme(s)`           <chr> "Urban Food Systems", "Retail - Independent &amp;~
## $ WWW                  <chr> "<a href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/11/4~
## $ `Sub-Theme(s)`       <chr> "Urban Food Systems – General", "Retail - Indepen~
## $ Summary              <chr> "a detailed case-level analysis of the food provi~
## $ Keywords             <chr> "rural-urban linkages, urban food, Naples", "hosp~

#> 1.3 Prep for analysis (clean, tidy, transform)
#> Rename columns
db <- db |> 
  rename(AUTH_SOURCE = `Author(s) / Source`, TYPE = `Article Type`, THEME_MAIN=`Theme(s)`, THEME_SUB = `Sub-Theme(s)`) 
for( i in colnames(db)){
    colnames(db)[which(colnames(db)==i)] = toupper(i)
}
#> Remove i
rm(i)
#> Convert date format to YYYY/MM/DD for analysis and sorting by date 
db$DATE <- as.Date(lubridate::parse_date_time(db$DATE, c('dmy', 'ymd')))

#> Remove empty records where all columns are "NA"
# Following filters rows with at least one column not "NA"
db <- janitor::remove_empty(db, which = "rows")


db <- db[complete.cases(db), ]

#> Remove duplicates
db <- db |> distinct()

# Add unique ID column
# First sort by date (oldest first)
db <- db |> 
  arrange(DATE)
# Add ID col
db$UID <- seq.int(nrow(db))
# Bring new UID column to front
db <- db |> select(UID, everything())

#> replace ampersand string "&amp;" with "&" in selected columns
db$THEME_MAIN <- (gsub("&amp;", "&", db$THEME_MAIN))
db$THEME_SUB <- (gsub("&amp;", "&", db$THEME_SUB))

#> Export as CSV
write_csv(db, here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "1_Current_Database_Cleaned", paste0("C19_Food_DB_Cleaned_", Sys.Date(), ".csv")))

Table 1.2 Processed database after cleaning and pre-processing1561 records

## Rows: 1,561
## Columns: 10
## $ UID         <int> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,~
## $ TITLE       <chr> "Who Feeds Bristol?", "Mary's Open Letter to Britain's Foo~
## $ AUTH_SOURCE <chr> "Joy Carey", "Mary Quicke", "Jonty Bloom", "The Guardian",~
## $ TYPE        <chr> "Report", "Blog post", "News article", "News article", "Ne~
## $ DATE        <date> 2020-03-14, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-3~
## $ THEME_MAIN  <chr> "Urban Food Systems", "Dairy & Cheese", "Retail – Supermar~
## $ WWW         <chr> "<a href=\"https://bristolfoodpolicycouncil.org/who-feeds-~
## $ THEME_SUB   <chr> "Urban Food Systems – General", "Dairy & Cheese - Artisan ~
## $ SUMMARY     <chr> "Written from the perspective of feeding cities as energy ~
## $ KEYWORDS    <chr> "urban food systems, resilience, food, UK", "dairy, cheese~

(Note 20/01/21 - requires further processing - e.g. new cols for shortened theme names)

2. Themes: Count

This section includes tables and plots showing the summary counts of main themes and sub-themes in the database.

2.1 Main Themes

This section shows the summary counts for main themes.

Note: a small number of database entries have been allocated multiple main themes (see bottom of table). Damian - these can be left as is, or split and counted as single themes - let me know.

Also - note that very long theme names affect the format of tables and plots - we need an alternative set of concise theme names for both main and sub-themes to improve presentation (task for DM and SR).

#> Firstly, count and plot number of articles by month
t2.1.articles <- db |> 
  group_by(month = lubridate::floor_date(DATE, "month")) |> 
  summarise(count = n())
#> Export table as CSV file
write_csv(t2.1.articles , here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes_Count", "2.1_Main_Themes", "Table_2.1.1_Article count by month.csv"))
#> Plot as bar chart
p2.1 <- ggplot(t2.1.articles, aes(x = month, y = count)) +
  theme_bw() +
  # ggtitle(paste0("Figure 2.2.", i , ": ", theme.m)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill =    "#599ad3") +
  ggtitle(paste0("Article count by month")) +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  theme(legend.position="none") +
  scale_x_date(NULL, date_labels = "%b %y", date_breaks = "2 months") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) 
p2.1

ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes_Count", "2.1_Main_Themes", "Plot2.1.1_Article_Count_By_Month.png"), width = 9, height = 6)
# #> Drop day from month string for web rendering
# t2.1.articles$month <- format(t2.1.articles$month, "%Y/%m")
#> Render table on web page
knitr::kable(t2.1.articles, col.names = c("Month", "Count"), caption = "Table 2.1.1 Article count by month")

Table 2.1.1 Article count by month

Month	Count
2020-03-01	5
2020-04-01	68
2020-05-01	137
2020-06-01	141
2020-07-01	174
2020-08-01	125
2020-09-01	100
2020-10-01	110
2020-11-01	93
2020-12-01	96
2021-01-01	93
2021-02-01	73
2021-03-01	38
2021-04-01	48
2021-05-01	28
2021-06-01	18
2021-07-01	37
2021-08-01	25
2021-09-01	14
2021-10-01	28
2021-11-01	19
2021-12-01	26
2022-01-01	23
2022-02-01	31
2022-03-01	11

#> Group and count main themes
t2.2.theme.m.sum <- db |> 
  select(THEME_MAIN) |> 
  group_by(THEME_MAIN) |> 
  summarise(Count = n()) |> 
  arrange(desc(Count))
#> Render table on web page
knitr::kable(t2.2.theme.m.sum, col.names = c("Main theme", "Article count"), caption = "Table 2.1.2 Article count by main theme")

Table 2.1.2 Article count by main theme

Main theme	Article count
Food Access & Security (UK)	474
Food Access & Security (Global)	197
Food System Commentaries	127
Local Food Networks and Agroecology	119
Agri-food Labour	110
Academic articles re. Covid-19 modelling, science, post-normality, uncertainty, etc.	97
Farming and rural economy: general articles, supporting farmers, valuing farmers, etc	83
Processing & Distribution	70
Consumer Behaviour / Consumption	66
Urban Food Systems	50
Retail - Independent & Local, plus Food Service	40
Organisational resources and links (UK)	31
Food Waste	25
Dairy & Cheese	23
Market Data	17
Retail – Supermarkets	16
Fisheries	12
CCRI Webinar Footage	4

#> Export table as CSV file
write_csv(t2.2.theme.m.sum, here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes_Count", "2.1_Main_Themes", "Table2.1.2_THEMES_MAIN_Count.csv"))
#> Create (and export) bar plot
p2.2 <- ggplot(t2.2.theme.m.sum, aes(x = reorder(THEME_MAIN, Count), y = Count)) +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle("Figure 2.1.2 Article count by main theme") +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "#9e66ab") +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  coord_flip() 
p2.2

ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes_Count", "2.1_Main_Themes", "Plot2.1.2_THEMES_MAIN_Count.png"), width = 9, height = 6)

2.2 Sub-Themes

This section shows the summary counts for sub-themes.

#> Create list of main themes for iteration
t2.2_theme.m <- t2.2.theme.m.sum |> 
  slice(1:19) 
themes <- as.list(t2.2_theme.m$THEME_MAIN)
#> Sequential integer counter for figure numbers
i <-0 
#> Initiate loop
for(theme.m in themes){
#> Loop counter (for table caption number)
i <- i+1

#> Create data table (count of articles by sub-theme per main theme)
t2.2_loop <- db |>
 select(THEME_MAIN, THEME_SUB) |>
 filter(THEME_MAIN == theme.m) |>
 group_by(THEME_MAIN, THEME_SUB) |>
 summarise(Count = n()) |> 
 ungroup() |> 
 select(THEME_SUB, Count) |>
 arrange(desc(Count)) 
#> Remove main theme from THEME_SUB string (i.e. all text before and included hyphen)
t2.2_loop$THEME_SUB <- gsub("^.*?\\-","", t2.2_loop$THEME_SUB)
#> Trim WS
t2.2_loop$THEME_SUB <- trimws(t2.2_loop$THEME_SUB)

print(knitr::kable(t2.2_loop, col.names = c("Sub-theme", "Article count"), caption = paste0("Table 2.2.", i , ": ", theme.m)))
#> Add line break
cat("\n")
cat("\n")
cat("\n")


#> Export table as CSV file
write_csv(t2.2_loop, here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes_Count", "2.2_Sub_Themes", paste0("Table 2.2.", i, "_", "_SUB_THEMES_Count.csv")))
#> Create (and export) bar plot
p2.2 <- ggplot(t2.2_loop, aes(x = reorder(THEME_SUB, Count), y = Count)) +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Figure 2.2.", i , ": ", theme.m)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill =    "#599ad3") +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  theme(legend.position="none") +
  coord_flip()

#> Render on web page
print(p2.2)
#> Export plots
ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes_Count", "2.2_Sub_Themes", paste0("Figure_2.2.", i, "_", ".png")), width = 9, height = 6)

#> End loop
}

Table 2.2.1: Food Access & Security (UK)

Sub-theme	Article count
General	311
Marcus Rashford-led free school meals campaigns and child food insecurity	84
National Food Strategy	28
School meals and school and university catering	13
Reliance on EU food chains, Brexit and food security	12
EFRA inquiry - food insecurity sessions and COVID-19 and Food Supply Report	10
Community responses	7
France’s Covid freight ban	5
Government announcement to support food charities	2
National Food Strategy,White Papers: Levelling Up and Food System	2

Table 2.2.2: Food Access & Security (Global)

Sub-theme	Article count
Other resources and articles (media, academic)	153
General	43
General	1

Table 2.2.3: Food System Commentaries

Sub-theme	Article count
General	126
General	1

Table 2.2.4: Local Food Networks and Agroecology

Sub-theme	Article count
Local Food Networks and Agroecology – General	76
Local Food Networks and Agroecology – Shortening supply chains (regional resilience) and online platforms	24
Local Food Networks and Agroecology – Agroecology	12
Local Food Networks and Agroecology – A more critical relocalisation perspective	6
line platforms, direct sales directories, buy local listings, etc.)	1

Table 2.2.5: Agri-food Labour

Sub-theme	Article count
food Labour - Agri-food labour in the US (esp. meat processing, harvested crops)	32
food Labour - Labour shortages (New Zealand dairy, veterinary workforce and strawberry farms, Costa Rican coffee, UK poultry (Christmas turkeys))	31
food Labour - Workers’ rights	27
food Labour - The fruit and vegetable harvest, labour shortages and automation	7
food Labour - Vaccination of key workers in the food chain (UK and US articles)	6
food Labour - Pick For Britain	4
food Labour - Humanitarian crisis in ag. commodity chains (Fairtrade Foundation)	1
food Labour - International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions	1
Feed The Nation campaign	1

Table 2.2.6: Academic articles re. Covid-19 modelling, science, post-normality, uncertainty, etc.

Sub-theme	Article count
Contexualising Coronavirus Geographically	20
Past (and future?) studies of pandemics, including networked disease	14
Metaphors	13
Modelling, social science and animal health links	11
Uncertainty, pragmatism, the futilities of control and neoliberal economics	10
Post-normal pandemics	8
Academic expertise - across disciplines, beyond ‘science’ and interdisciplinarity; plus the gender gaps in COVID-19 decision-making	5
Viewing the pandemic impact through the lens of the SDGs	4
The Covid-19 vaccine and vaccines (selective items)	3
The psychology of ‘together apart’	3
The Slowdown Papers and Times of COVID-19	3
Disaster resilience	1
Human infectious disease and global population	1
Uncertainty, pragmatism, the futilities of control and neoliberal economics	1

Table 2.2.7: Farming and rural economy: general articles, supporting farmers, valuing farmers, etc

Sub-theme	Article count
Valuing and supporting farmers	31
Digitalisation of agriculture and rural economies	11
Small-scale farmer incomes / resilience (global)	8
‘Self-sufficiency day’ (August 21)	5
Agri-food support packages and 2020 agricultural accounts (Eurostat)	5
Rural and farmer vulnerability and planning for ‘unexpected events’	4
US relief packages	4
Farm diversification and producer collaboration	3
Farming Health Hub: COVID-19 Support and Advice	3
#FeedTheNation	2
Covid-19 and UK-EU trade talks (Brexit)	2
Covid-19, gender and agriculture	2
Covid-19 is a demand rather than a supply shock?	1
Demand for lifestyle and amenity farms	1
Farmers as ‘hidden heroes’	1

Table 2.2.8: Processing & Distribution

Sub-theme	Article count
Meat & food processing plants (US)	24
Meat & food processing plants (UK)	16
Meat & food processing plants (Germany, France, the Netherlands)	8
Supply chain vulnerability and market impacts	7
Not just meat!	5
Independent meat processors	4
Concerns about food fraud	3
Meat & food processing plants (Australia and Brazil)	2
Independent & Local, plus Food Service - General	1

Table 2.2.9: Consumer Behaviour / Consumption

Sub-theme	Article count
General	45
Consumer Behaviour / Consumption – Obesity Strategy	21

Table 2.2.10: Urban Food Systems

Sub-theme	Article count
Urban Food Systems – General	45
urban relations	5

Table 2.2.11: Retail - Independent & Local, plus Food Service

Sub-theme	Article count
Independent & Local, plus Food Service - General	39
Supply chain vulnerability and market impacts	1

Table 2.2.12: Organisational resources and links (UK)

Sub-theme	Article count
Food system organisations	13
Food, farming and the rural economy	8
Covid-19 research project tracker and ESRC-funded food system projects	3
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (EFRA) Select Committee	2
National Food Strategy	2
Food in the time of lockdown	1
Food, Poverty, Health and the Environment Committee	1
The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST)	1

Table 2.2.13: Food Waste

Sub-theme	Article count
General	24
General	1

Table 2.2.14: Dairy & Cheese

Sub-theme	Article count
Dairy farming crisis and milk waste	8
Milk Your Moment Campaign and positive dairy sales	6
Artisan cheese producers	4
Vending machines, direct selling and networked dairy farm models	3
Hardship fund for dairy farmers	2

Table 2.2.15: Market Data

Sub-theme	Article count
Market Data – International	12
Market Data – UK	5

Table 2.2.16: Retail – Supermarkets

Sub-theme	Article count
Retail – Supermarkets – General	11
Retail – Supermarkets – Big food brands moving online	4
value horticultural exports (Kenya to European supermarkets)	1

Table 2.2.17: Fisheries

Sub-theme	Article count
Fisheries – General	9
Global supply chains and market systems	3

Table 2.2.18: CCRI Webinar Footage

Sub-theme	Article count
All	4

#> Remove unwanted variables
rm(i)

3. Themes: Temporal analysis

In this section article occurrences are plotted over time by main theme. The pink rectanges in each plot indicate the time periods of the main Covid lockdowns in England (source: HERE)

3.1 Main Themes

#> Data frame to hold date ranges for lockdows
#> See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/61479286/how-to-annotate-time-periods-on-line-plots-with-date-axis
Lockdowns <- data.frame(date_start= as_date(c("2020-03-23", "2020-11-05", "2021-01-06")),
                        date_end = as_date(c("2020-05-10","2020-12-02", "2021-03-08")))

#> Sequential integer counter for figure numbers
i <- 0 
#> Initiate loop
for(theme.m in themes){
#> Loop counter (for table caption number)
i <- i+ 1

#> Non loop version
#> Get a data frame for one main theme just with ID and dates
#> Aggregate by week
#< Tip from: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47503159/ggplot-using-grouped-date-variables-such-as-year-month
t3.1_theme.m.t <- db |> 
  select(UID, THEME_MAIN, DATE) |>  
  filter(THEME_MAIN == theme.m) |> 
  mutate(OBS = 1) |> 
  mutate(Month = floor_date(DATE, unit = "month")) |> 
  group_by(Month) |> 
  summarise(Count = sum(OBS))
#> Get maximum value of Count for use in plotting
max_val <- max(t3.1_theme.m.t$Count)

#> Plot
p3.1 <- ggplot()+
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Figure 3.1.", i , ": ", theme.m)) +
  geom_rect(data = Lockdowns, aes(xmin = date_start, xmax = date_end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf),
            fill = "red", alpha= 0.3) +
  geom_line(data = t3.1_theme.m.t, aes(x=Month, y=Count), size = 1) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) +
  scale_x_date(NULL, date_labels = "%b %y", date_breaks = "2 months") +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, max_val, by = 2)) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) 
p3.1

#> Render on web page
print(p3.1)

#> Export plots
ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "3_Themes_Temporal", "3.1_Main_Themes_Plots", paste0("Figure_3.1.", i, "_", ".png")), width = 9, height = 6)

#> Add line break
cat("\n")
cat("\n")
cat("\n")
# #> Export plots
# ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "2_Themes", "2.2_Sub_Themes", paste0("Table 2.2.", i, ".png")), width = 9, height = 6)

#> End loop
}

4. Keywords: Count

Summary count of keywords in the database.

#> Split keyword string and create long format table - i.e. 1 keyword per row
t4.1.kwords <- db |> 
  mutate(Keyword = strsplit(as.character(KEYWORDS), ",")) |> 
  unnest(Keyword)
#> Trim white space
t4.1.kwords$Keyword <- trimws(t4.1.kwords$Keyword)
#> Remove duplicates and recount
t4.1.kwords.count <- t4.1.kwords |> 
  group_by(Keyword) |> 
  summarise(Count = n()) |> 
  arrange(desc(Count))
#> Render table on web page
knitr::kable(t4.1.kwords.count, col.names = c("Keyword", "Count"), caption = "Table 4.1 Keyword count")

Table 4.1 Keyword count

Keyword	Count
UK	632
food insecurity	317
food poverty	235
US	210
food systems	171
food security	153
food banks	134
global	131
local food	121
food	118
food access	101
resilience	90
agri-labour	77
consumption	75
health	72
free school meals	71
Universal Credit	61
policy	52
government	51
community	50
aid	49
farming	48
hunger	48
workers’ rights	48
food charities	46
meat processing	44
consumer behaviour	43
supply chains	43
supermarkets	41
diet	40
retail	38
labour shortages	37
trends	37
food prices	36
farmers	35
meat production	33
resources	33
urban food systems	32
economy	30
obesity	28
Brexit	27
community growing	27
dairy	27
Africa	26
rural economy	26
food waste	24
food policy	22
restaurants	22
urban agriculture	22
immigrants	21
inequality	21
National Food Strategy	21
agroecology	20
food processing plants	20
small-scale producers	20
trade	20
disease	19
vaccine	18
geography	17
labour	17
poverty	17
Right to Food	17
agriculture	16
data	16
europe	16
future	16
Europe	15
food supply	15
language	15
national food strategy	15
agri-food labour	14
Canada	14
fisheries	14
mapping	14
right to food	14
cost of living crisis	13
food chains	13
organic	13
responses	13
article	12
distribution	12
metaphor	12
public	12
school meals	12
social	12
support	12
sustainable food systems	12
agri-food systems	11
cost of living	11
digital	11
food chain	11
supply chain	11
pay	10
seasonal workers	10
sustainable	10
technology	10
Australia	9
cash first	9
demand	9
food aid	9
online shopping	9
rural	9
statistics	9
uncertainty	9
France	8
global food security	8
inflation	8
sustainability	8
agri-food	7
food boxes	7
local	7
modelling	7
self-sufficiency	7
unemployment	7
abattoirs	6
direct selling	6
economic	6
epidemic	6
EU	6
food service	6
gender	6
learning	6
meat processors	6
milk crisis	6
NZ	6
price	6
review	6
women	6
#keepthelifeline	5
consumers	5
crisis	5
eat out to help out	5
essential workers	5
exports	5
food crisis	5
freight ban	5
Germany	5
imports	5
India	5
infrastructure	5
markets	5
New Zealand	5
poultry	5
price index	5
science	5
SDGs	5
abattoir	4
advice	4
biodiversity	4
catering	4
cheese	4
chefs	4
children	4
disaster	4
food delivery	4
food hubs	4
gardening	4
hospitality	4
interdisciplinary	4
letter	4
local food networks	4
local food systems	4
meat industry	4
migration	4
pork	4
processing	4
research	4
resource	4
short food chains	4
supply chain crisis	4
universal credit	4
webinar	4
young people	4
agricultural accounts	3
animals	3
articles	3
climate change	3
control	3
ESRC	3
food fraud	3
food production	3
food sharing	3
food shortages	3
health and well-being	3
horticulture	3
Household Support Fund	3
innovation	3
interview	3
Jack Monroe	3
legislation	3
Marcus Rashford	3
mental health	3
Milk Your Moment	3
online platforms	3
online sales	3
plastic	3
prices	3
production	3
public health	3
risk	3
rural-urban relationships	3
social media	3
spending	3
surplus food	3
testing	3
urban food	3
vouchers	3
Wales	3
weather	3
#KeepTheLifeLine	2
agri-tech	2
animal health links	2
biosecurity	2
book	2
Brazil	2
brexit	2
communities	2
cooking	2
Covid	2
deprivation	2
developing countries	2
development	2
direct marketing	2
environment	2
ethical	2
farm diversification	2
Farm Drop	2
farmers’ markets	2
feedthenation	2
food commons	2
food justice	2
food parcels	2
food system	2
food system transformation	2
fuel shortages	2
geographies of Covid-19	2
global food chains	2
global food systems	2
governance	2
government spending	2
hope	2
income	2
indigenous	2
intake of calories	2
key workers	2
legal action	2
levelling up	2
living costs	2
living labs	2
local food chains	2
metaphors	2
mutual aid	2
nature	2
One Health	2
paper	2
papers	2
politics	2
preparedness	2
psychology	2
public procurement	2
research projects	2
robots	2
rural-urban policies	2
rural businesses	2
rural vulnerability	2
scenarios	2
social inequality	2
Spain	2
students	2
supply	2
the elderly	2
transformation	2
Uk	2
Universal credit	2
Universal Credit Cut	2
urban	2
volunteers	2
vulnerability	2
wages	2
weight gain	2
welfare	2
wool	2
[agri-food labour	1
adaptation	1
adipiscing	1
agri-food businesses	1
agri-tourism	1
agribusiness	1
agritourism	1
amet	1
and Syria	1
animal disease	1
animal welfare	1
anthropause	1
anxiety	1
Asia	1
automation	1
beef	1
blog	1
blogs	1
boredom	1
brazil	1
bubble	1
build back fairer	1
business	1
California	1
canada	1
carers	1
Caribbean	1
cash first approach	1
charity	1
chef	1
child food poverty	1
child obesity	1
circular economies	1
climate	1
closures	1
collaboration	1
commodities	1
commons	1
community agriculture	1
community food sector	1
community fridges	1
community support agriculture	1
conflict	1
consequences	1
consumer behaviours	1
consumer demand	1
consumer practice	1
Covid-related deaths	1
Covid realities	1
criminal justice	1
critique	1
CSA	1
CSAs	1
daffodils	1
dairy crisis	1
database	1
deductions to sick pay	1
deforestation	1
diets	1
digitalisation	1
disability	1
discourses	1
disruptions	1
diversification	1
diversity	1
do	1
dolor	1
Eat Out To Help Out	1
ecology	1
economics	1
ecosystems	1
Egypt	1
eiusmod	1
elit	1
emergencies	1
emotions	1
England	1
environmental damage	1
Eurostat	1
farm labour shortage	1
farm shops	1
farms	1
fear	1
feelings	1
film	1
finance	1
fishers	1
food behaviours	1
food chain problems	1
food charity	1
food choices	1
food clubs	1
food democracy	1
food futures	1
food processing	1
food retail	1
food safety	1
Food security	1
food sovereignty	1
food system resilience	1
food system workers	1
food systems. local food	1
food workers	1
foodscapes	1
foot and mouth	1
foraging	1
free meals	1
free school meal	1
futures	1
geographies	1
global food insecurity	1
global food supply	1
globalisation	1
government funding	1
governments	1
Greater Manchester	1
green infrastructure	1
green recovery	1
harm	1
harvest	1
health and nutrition	1
healthy diets	1
hidden heroes	1
high street	1
home growing	1
homeless	1
households	1
human rights’	1
Hungary	1
Hunger	1
impacts	1
investment	1
Iraq	1
Italy	1
Jack Munroe	1
Japan	1
Jordan	1
just sustainabilities	1
Language	1
Lebanon	1
legacy benefits	1
lived experience	1
local action	1
local food partnerships	1
local food resilience	1
local food system	1
local good	1
local responses	1
localism	1
Lorem ipsum	1
lorry drivers	1
malnutrition	1
maps	1
masks	1
meals on wheels	1
meatpacking	1
media	1
Middle East	1
migrant workers	1
milk	1
mortality	1
Naples	1
National food strategy	1
neoliberal	1
neoliberal disease	1
nexus	1
Nottinghamshire	1
onsectetur	1
opportunities	1
organic farming	1
panic	1
participatory methods	1
partnerships	1
past pandemics	1
petition	1
pick for Britain	1
planning	1
post-normal science	1
poultry processing	1
precision agriculture	1
public goods	1
public spaces	1
pubs	1
racism	1
real living wage	1
recovery	1
refugee labour	1
regenerative agriculture	1
regional food	1
resilient food systems	1
Right to Food City	1
robotics	1
rural-urban	1
rural-urban linkages	1
rural policy	1
safety	1
school	1
schools	1
schools meals	1
Scotland	1
seafood	1
seasonal work	1
sed	1
self-provisioning	1
shopping	1
shopping vouchers	1
single parents	1
sit	1
small-scale farmers	1
social capital	1
social innovation	1
social isolation	1
social listening	1
social safety net	1
social safety note	1
social science	1
social security	1
social security system	1
social support	1
socio-economic dynamics	1
South Africa	1
South America	1
spatial inequalities	1
structural inequality	1
sugar tax	1
supermarket	1
sustainable development goals	1
systemic lock-ins	1
systems thinking	1
Taiwan	1
tempor	1
temporalities	1
territory	1
the Netherlands	1
transdisciplinarity	1
Tripoli	1
Turkey	1
TV	1
Uber	1
uk	1
UK online shopping	1
UK s	1
UK supermarkets	1
university catering	1
unvaccinated staff	1
urban gardening	1
urban growing	1
urban planning	1
urban rural spaces	1
urban space	1
vaccination	1
vaccines	1
vending machines	1
venison	1
viruses	1
Viruses	1
vulnerabilities	1
vulnerable	1
vulnerable populations	1
waste	1
welfare system	1
well-being	1
wholesale	1
woodland	1
work	1
workers’ rights	1

#> Export table as CSV file
write_csv(t4.1.kwords.count, here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "4_Keywords_Count", "Tables", "Table4.1_Keywords_Count.csv"))

5. Keywords: Temporal analysis

Analysis of keyword frequency plotted over time, with periods of lockdown shown. The top 20 most frequently occurring keywords are shown (this can be easily extended to more or all keywords)

#> Get the 20 most frequently ocurring keywords
t5.1.kwords.top20 <- t4.1.kwords.count |> 
slice_max(Count, n = 20) |> 
# drop unwanted Count column
select(Keyword)

#> Merge with main keywords table to extract top 20
t5.1.kwords.plot <- merge(t4.1.kwords, t5.1.kwords.top20, by = "Keyword")

#> Get list of top 20 keywords for loop
kwords <- as.list(t5.1.kwords.top20$Keyword)

#> Sequential integer counter for figure numbers
i <-0 
#> Initiate loop
for(kword in kwords){
#> Loop counter (for table caption number)
i <- i+1

#> Create data table (count of articles by sub-theme per main theme)
t5.1_loop <- t4.1.kwords |>
 select(Keyword, DATE) |>
 filter(Keyword == kword) |> 
 mutate(OBS = 1) |> 
 mutate(Month = floor_date(DATE, unit = "month")) |> 
 group_by(Month) |> 
 summarise(Count = sum(OBS))

#> Get maximum value of Count for use in plotting
max_val <- max(t5.1_loop$Count)

#> Plot
p5.1 <- ggplot()+
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Figure 5.", i , ": ", kword)) +
  geom_rect(data = Lockdowns, aes(xmin = date_start, xmax = date_end, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf),
            fill = "red", alpha= 0.3) +
  geom_line(data = t5.1_loop, aes(x=Month, y=Count), size = 1) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) +
  scale_x_date(NULL, date_labels = "%b %y", date_breaks = "2 months") +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, max_val, by = 2)) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1)) 
p5.1

#> Render on web page
print(p5.1)

#> Export plots
ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "5_Keywords_Temporal", "Plots", paste0("Figure_5.", i, "_", kword, ".png")), width = 9, height = 6)


}

#> Remove unwanted variables
rm(i)

6. Articles by type

#> Group and count article types
t6.1.article.sum <- db |> 
  select(TYPE) |> 
  group_by(TYPE) |> 
  summarise(Count = n()) |> 
  arrange(desc(Count))
#> Render table on web page
knitr::kable(t6.1.article.sum, col.names = c("Article Type", "Count"), caption = "Table 6.1 Article type (summary count)")

Table 6.1 Article type (summary count)

Article Type	Count
News article	661
Blog post	325
Report	174
Journal article	154
Web page	114
Magazine article	62
Podcast	15
Interview	11
Presentation	10
Book	9
TV broadcast	9
Film	7
Radio broadcast	4
Map	3
Conference paper	2
Book section	1

#> Export table as CSV file
write_csv(t6.1.article.sum, here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "6_Article_Type", "Table", "Table6.1_Article_Type_Count.csv"))
#> Create (and export) bar plot
p6.1 <- ggplot(t6.1.article.sum, aes(x = reorder(TYPE, Count), y = Count)) +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle("Figure 6.1 Article type") +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "#d77fb3") +
  theme(axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  coord_flip() 
p6.1

ggsave(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "6_Article_Type", "Plot", "Plot6.1_Article_Type_Count.png"), width = 9, height = 6)

7. Topic modelling

Topic modelling of “summary” string variable.

Workflow:

• Load “stm” package and other ancillary libraries for topic modelling
  
• Load the cleaned and processed Covid Food Database (Step 1)
• Compute some basic descriptive statistics (e.g. histogram showing number
• Pre-process data (Step 7.2)
• Estimate models (Step 7.3)
• Evaluate models(Step 7.4)

7.1 Libraries and database prep

#> Load libraries for topic modelling
library(stm) # Structural topic modelling
library(tidystm) # devtools::install_github("mikajoh/tidystm", dependencies = TRU

#> Load tidied database (exported in Step 1)
db <- read_csv(here("Out", "Descriptive_Stats", "1_Current_Database_Cleaned", "C19_Food_DB_Cleaned_2022-04-12.csv"), trim_ws = TRUE)


#> Data source for topic modelling is the "SUMMARY" column
#> Extract the UID, SUMMARY, and DATE columns from main table
data <- db |>
  select(UID, SUMMARY, DATE, THEME_MAIN)

#> Count words in each summary
db$SUMMARY.count <- str_count(db$SUMMARY, "\\w+")

#> Summary table of word count in SUMMARY.count columns
summary.counts <- db |> 
  group_by(SUMMARY.count) |> 
  summarise(n = n()) |> 
  arrange(desc(SUMMARY.count))


#> Render table on web page
knitr::kable(summary.counts, col.names = c("No_of_words", "No_of_articles"), caption = "Table 7.1 No of words in article summaries")

Table 7.1 No of words in article summaries

No_of_words	No_of_articles
218	1
194	1
184	1
176	1
156	1
122	1
121	1
120	1
116	1
113	1
105	1
104	2
103	1
102	1
99	1
98	1
97	1
96	1
95	2
91	1
90	2
89	1
87	2
86	2
83	1
81	1
80	3
78	4
77	1
76	3
75	3
74	1
73	1
72	3
71	2
70	3
68	8
67	4
66	1
65	1
64	4
63	3
62	10
61	8
60	2
59	5
58	6
57	8
56	5
55	6
54	5
53	4
52	7
51	11
50	14
49	8
48	8
47	6
46	19
45	19
44	14
43	11
42	24
41	16
40	18
39	22
38	17
37	26
36	24
35	40
34	16
33	25
32	40
31	39
30	39
29	40
28	43
27	45
26	49
25	42
24	52
23	57
22	58
21	69
20	52
19	48
18	61
17	54
16	54
15	49
14	54
13	33
12	34
11	23
10	16
9	16
8	7
7	3
6	2
5	2

#> Export table as CSV file
write_csv(summary.counts, here("Out", "Topic_modelling", "SUMMARY_stats", "Table 7.1 No of words in article summaries.csv"))
#> Create (and export) bar plot
p7.1 <- ggplot(summary.counts, aes(x = SUMMARY.count, y = n)) +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle("Figure 7.1 No of words in article summaries") +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "#d77fb3") +
  # theme(axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  xlab("No. of words") +
  ylab("Word count")
p7.1

ggsave(here("Out", "Topic_modelling", "SUMMARY_stats", "Plot7.1_No of words in article summaries.png"), width = 9, height = 6)

7.2 Pre-processing

Summary of data pre-processing steps:

• Convert data for analysis in “stm” package using textProcessor function - performs stemming (reducing words to their root form), drops punctuation and removes stop words (e.g., the, is, at, I etc.)
  
• Process the loaded data using “prepDocuments” function and remove infrequent terms

#> Here we need to pick out records for only the selected main themes - "Food Access & Security (UK)", AND "Agri-food Labour"
topic.themes <- c("Food Access & Security (UK)", "Agri-food Labour")

#> ONCE TOPICS CODE HAS BEEN TESTED THEN USE LOOP TO RUN TOPICS ANALYSIS ON BOTH THEMES - CREATING TWO MAIN SEPARATE FOLDERS FOR EACH TOPIC


#> Filter main database, extracting only records related to active topic
data <- data |>
  filter(THEME_MAIN == "Food Access & Security (UK)")

#> textProcessor
#> Read in and pre-process data (i.e. stemming/stopword removal, etc.) using textProcessor function
processed <- textProcessor(data$SUMMARY, metadata=data)

## Building corpus... 
## Converting to Lower Case... 
## Removing punctuation... 
## Removing stopwords... 
## Removing numbers... 
## Stemming... 
## Creating Output...

?textProcessor
#> Print a documents list object (e.g. "document 1")
# print(processed[["documents"]][["1"]])


#> prepDocuments
#> Evaluate how many words and documents would be removed from the data set at each word threshold, which is the minimum number of documents a word needs to appear in order for the word to be kept within the vocabulary. 
fig7.2.1 <- png(here("Out", "Topic_modelling", "7.2_Pre-processing", "Lower_Word_Threshold_Evaluation.png"), width = 800, height = 600)
plotRemoved(processed$documents, lower.thresh = seq(1, 200, by = 100))
fig7.2.1

## NULL

dev.off()

## png 
##   2

#> Then select the preferred threshold within prepDocuments. 
#> Importantly, prepDocuments will also re-index all metadata/document relationships if any changes occur due to processing.
#> Run prepDocuments - processes the loaded data to make sure it is in the right format and remove infrequent terms depending on the user-set parameter "lower.thresh"
out <- prepDocuments(processed$documents, processed$vocab, processed$meta,  lower.thresh = 10, upper.thresh = Inf, subsample = NULL, verbose = TRUE)

## Removing 1904 of 2054 terms (4427 of 8468 tokens) due to frequency 
## Removing 1 Documents with No Words 
## Your corpus now has 473 documents, 150 terms and 4041 tokens.

?prepDocuments

#> Main objects created for use with stm:
#> 1. The new documents object for use with stm
docs <- out$documents
#> 2. The new vocab object for use with stm
vocab <- out$vocab
#> 3. The new meta data object for use with stm. Will be the same if no documents are removed.
meta <-out$meta

#> Other object generated by prepDocuments
#> 4. A set of indices corresponding to the positions in the original vocab object of words which have been removed
w.rem <- out$words.removed
print(w.rem)

##    [1] "--date"                                                                                  
##    [2] "-aday"                                                                                   
##    [3] "-call"                                                                                   
##    [4] "-day"                                                                                    
##    [5] "-fold"                                                                                   
##    [6] "-go"                                                                                     
##    [7] "-inflat"                                                                                 
##    [8] "-relianc"                                                                                
##    [9] "-work"                                                                                   
##   [10] "-year"                                                                                   
##   [11] "-yr"                                                                                     
##   [12] "‘batter"                                                                                 
##   [13] "‘concret"                                                                                
##   [14] "‘cost"                                                                                   
##   [15] "‘describ"                                                                                
##   [16] "‘doubl"                                                                                  
##   [17] "‘eat"                                                                                    
##   [18] "‘half"                                                                                   
##   [19] "‘holiday"                                                                                
##   [20] "‘leav"                                                                                   
##   [21] "‘let"                                                                                    
##   [22] "‘level"                                                                                  
##   [23] "‘mean"                                                                                   
##   [24] "‘member"                                                                                 
##   [25] "‘money"                                                                                  
##   [26] "‘new"                                                                                    
##   [27] "‘normalised’"                                                                            
##   [28] "‘passes’"                                                                                
##   [29] "‘people’"                                                                                
##   [30] "‘reveal"                                                                                 
##   [31] "‘seri"                                                                                   
##   [32] "‘unfit’"                                                                                 
##   [33] "‘union"                                                                                  
##   [34] "’re"                                                                                     
##   [35] "’ve"                                                                                     
##   [36] "“’re"                                                                                    
##   [37] "“’s"                                                                                     
##   [38] "“advanc"                                                                                 
##   [39] "“classless”"                                                                             
##   [40] "“food"                                                                                   
##   [41] "“guts”"                                                                                  
##   [42] "“historic”"                                                                              
##   [43] "“now"                                                                                    
##   [44] "“wil"                                                                                    
##   [45] "£-aweek"                                                                                 
##   [46] "£million"                                                                                
##   [47] "abattoir"                                                                                
##   [48] "abil"                                                                                    
##   [49] "abl"                                                                                     
##   [50] "abroad"                                                                                  
##   [51] "absenc"                                                                                  
##   [52] "absolut"                                                                                 
##   [53] "absurd"                                                                                  
##   [54] "academic-practition"                                                                     
##   [55] "acceler"                                                                                 
##   [56] "accentu"                                                                                 
##   [57] "accommod"                                                                                
##   [58] "accord"                                                                                  
##   [59] "account"                                                                                 
##   [60] "accus"                                                                                   
##   [61] "achiev"                                                                                  
##   [62] "acknowledg"                                                                              
##   [63] "act"                                                                                     
##   [64] "activ"                                                                                   
##   [65] "activist"                                                                                
##   [66] "actor"                                                                                   
##   [67] "actual"                                                                                  
##   [68] "adapt"                                                                                   
##   [69] "addit"                                                                                   
##   [70] "adequ"                                                                                   
##   [71] "adequaci"                                                                                
##   [72] "admit"                                                                                   
##   [73] "adopt"                                                                                   
##   [74] "adult"                                                                                   
##   [75] "advic"                                                                                   
##   [76] "advoc"                                                                                   
##   [77] "advocaci"                                                                                
##   [78] "affect"                                                                                  
##   [79] "afternoon"                                                                               
##   [80] "age"                                                                                     
##   [81] "agenc"                                                                                   
##   [82] "agenda"                                                                                  
##   [83] "aggrav"                                                                                  
##   [84] "ago"                                                                                     
##   [85] "agre"                                                                                    
##   [86] "agricultur"                                                                              
##   [87] "agroecolog"                                                                              
##   [88] "ahead"                                                                                   
##   [89] "aileen"                                                                                  
##   [90] "aim"                                                                                     
##   [91] "akshaya"                                                                                 
##   [92] "al’"                                                                                     
##   [93] "alarm"                                                                                   
##   [94] "alcohol"                                                                                 
##   [95] "alison"                                                                                  
##   [96] "allianc"                                                                                 
##   [97] "alloc"                                                                                   
##   [98] "allow"                                                                                   
##   [99] "almost"                                                                                  
##  [100] "alon"                                                                                    
##  [101] "alongsid"                                                                                
##  [102] "alreadi"                                                                                 
##  [103] "alway"                                                                                   
##  [104] "amass"                                                                                   
##  [105] "amaz"                                                                                    
##  [106] "ambassador"                                                                              
##  [107] "ambiti"                                                                                  
##  [108] "amid"                                                                                    
##  [109] "among"                                                                                   
##  [110] "amount"                                                                                  
##  [111] "amplifi"                                                                                 
##  [112] "analysi"                                                                                 
##  [113] "andi"                                                                                    
##  [114] "andor"                                                                                   
##  [115] "andrea"                                                                                  
##  [116] "andrew"                                                                                  
##  [117] "anger"                                                                                   
##  [118] "anim"                                                                                    
##  [119] "anna"                                                                                    
##  [120] "announc"                                                                                 
##  [121] "annual"                                                                                  
##  [122] "anoth"                                                                                   
##  [123] "answer"                                                                                  
##  [124] "anti-poverti"                                                                            
##  [125] "anticip"                                                                                 
##  [126] "anyon"                                                                                   
##  [127] "anywher"                                                                                 
##  [128] "apac"                                                                                    
##  [129] "appear"                                                                                  
##  [130] "appetit"                                                                                 
##  [131] "appli"                                                                                   
##  [132] "appoint"                                                                                 
##  [133] "approaches’"                                                                             
##  [134] "appropri"                                                                                
##  [135] "april"                                                                                   
##  [136] "ardwick"                                                                                 
##  [137] "area"                                                                                    
##  [138] "aren’t"                                                                                  
##  [139] "argument"                                                                                
##  [140] "arisen"                                                                                  
##  [141] "arla"                                                                                    
##  [142] "around"                                                                                  
##  [143] "array"                                                                                   
##  [144] "arrear"                                                                                  
##  [145] "articul"                                                                                 
##  [146] "asda"                                                                                    
##  [147] "ashford"                                                                                 
##  [148] "asian"                                                                                   
##  [149] "ask"                                                                                     
##  [150] "assembl"                                                                                 
##  [151] "assess"                                                                                  
##  [152] "assist"                                                                                  
##  [153] "assistancefood"                                                                          
##  [154] "associ"                                                                                  
##  [155] "assum"                                                                                   
##  [156] "asylum"                                                                                  
##  [157] "attach"                                                                                  
##  [158] "attain"                                                                                  
##  [159] "attempt"                                                                                 
##  [160] "attent"                                                                                  
##  [161] "attitud"                                                                                 
##  [162] "august"                                                                                  
##  [163] "auster"                                                                                  
##  [164] "automat"                                                                                 
##  [165] "autumn"                                                                                  
##  [166] "avail"                                                                                   
##  [167] "averag"                                                                                  
##  [168] "avert"                                                                                   
##  [169] "avg"                                                                                     
##  [170] "avoid"                                                                                   
##  [171] "award"                                                                                   
##  [172] "away"                                                                                    
##  [173] "axe"                                                                                     
##  [174] "background"                                                                              
##  [175] "bag"                                                                                     
##  [176] "balanc"                                                                                  
##  [177] "ban"                                                                                     
##  [178] "bank”"                                                                                   
##  [179] "banks”"                                                                                  
##  [180] "bare"                                                                                    
##  [181] "barnard"                                                                                 
##  [182] "barnwel"                                                                                 
##  [183] "baromet"                                                                                 
##  [184] "barrier"                                                                                 
##  [185] "base"                                                                                    
##  [186] "baselin"                                                                                 
##  [187] "basi"                                                                                    
##  [188] "basic"                                                                                   
##  [189] "baumberg"                                                                                
##  [190] "bbc"                                                                                     
##  [191] "bear"                                                                                    
##  [192] "beck"                                                                                    
##  [193] "becom"                                                                                   
##  [194] "bedrock"                                                                                 
##  [195] "bedroom"                                                                                 
##  [196] "bee"                                                                                     
##  [197] "began"                                                                                   
##  [198] "begin"                                                                                   
##  [199] "begun"                                                                                   
##  [200] "behalf"                                                                                  
##  [201] "behaviour"                                                                               
##  [202] "behind"                                                                                  
##  [203] "belgium"                                                                                 
##  [204] "ben"                                                                                     
##  [205] "beneath"                                                                                 
##  [206] "beset"                                                                                   
##  [207] "best"                                                                                    
##  [208] "better"                                                                                  
##  [209] "betterhealthi"                                                                           
##  [210] "beveridg"                                                                                
##  [211] "beyond"                                                                                  
##  [212] "bid"                                                                                     
##  [213] "bidfood"                                                                                 
##  [214] "big"                                                                                     
##  [215] "bigger"                                                                                  
##  [216] "biggest"                                                                                 
##  [217] "bill"                                                                                    
##  [218] "biodivers"                                                                               
##  [219] "birmingham"                                                                              
##  [220] "black"                                                                                   
##  [221] "blackman"                                                                                
##  [222] "block"                                                                                   
##  [223] "blunt"                                                                                   
##  [224] "bmj"                                                                                     
##  [225] "bob"                                                                                     
##  [226] "bold"                                                                                    
##  [227] "bonus"                                                                                   
##  [228] "boost"                                                                                   
##  [229] "border"                                                                                  
##  [230] "bori"                                                                                    
##  [231] "borough"                                                                                 
##  [232] "boss"                                                                                    
##  [233] "box"                                                                                     
##  [234] "boycott"                                                                                 
##  [235] "brace"                                                                                   
##  [236] "brake"                                                                                   
##  [237] "brand"                                                                                   
##  [238] "brannen"                                                                                 
##  [239] "bravo"                                                                                   
##  [240] "bread"                                                                                   
##  [241] "break"                                                                                   
##  [242] "breakfast"                                                                               
##  [243] "brent"                                                                                   
##  [244] "brewing—"                                                                                
##  [245] "brewster"                                                                                
##  [246] "brexit"                                                                                  
##  [247] "brexit’"                                                                                 
##  [248] "brief"                                                                                   
##  [249] "bring"                                                                                   
##  [250] "britain"                                                                                 
##  [251] "broad"                                                                                   
##  [252] "broccoli"                                                                                
##  [253] "broke"                                                                                   
##  [254] "broken"                                                                                  
##  [255] "brought"                                                                                 
##  [256] "brussel"                                                                                 
##  [257] "bryant"                                                                                  
##  [258] "bryrn"                                                                                   
##  [259] "buckinghamshir"                                                                          
##  [260] "budget"                                                                                  
##  [261] "build"                                                                                   
##  [262] "buildbackbett"                                                                           
##  [263] "bunch"                                                                                   
##  [264] "burnley"                                                                                 
##  [265] "busi"                                                                                    
##  [266] "busiest"                                                                                 
##  [267] "butler"                                                                                  
##  [268] "butter"                                                                                  
##  [269] "buy"                                                                                     
##  [270] "byrn"                                                                                    
##  [271] "cabbag"                                                                                  
##  [272] "calcul"                                                                                  
##  [273] "camborn"                                                                                 
##  [274] "camilla"                                                                                 
##  [275] "campbel"                                                                                 
##  [276] "campus"                                                                                  
##  [277] "can’t"                                                                                   
##  [278] "canada"                                                                                  
##  [279] "cancel"                                                                                  
##  [280] "cant"                                                                                    
##  [281] "canterburi"                                                                              
##  [282] "cap"                                                                                     
##  [283] "capac"                                                                                   
##  [284] "captur"                                                                                  
##  [285] "carah"                                                                                   
##  [286] "care"                                                                                    
##  [287] "carer"                                                                                   
##  [288] "case"                                                                                    
##  [289] "casey"                                                                                   
##  [290] "cash-bas"                                                                                
##  [291] "cash-first"                                                                              
##  [292] "cast"                                                                                    
##  [293] "catch"                                                                                   
##  [294] "cater"                                                                                   
##  [295] "cauliflow"                                                                               
##  [296] "caus"                                                                                    
##  [297] "ccri"                                                                                    
##  [298] "celebr"                                                                                  
##  [299] "cent"                                                                                    
##  [300] "centr"                                                                                   
##  [301] "central"                                                                                 
##  [302] "centuri"                                                                                 
##  [303] "ceo"                                                                                     
##  [304] "certain"                                                                                 
##  [305] "chain"                                                                                   
##  [306] "challeng"                                                                                
##  [307] "champagn"                                                                                
##  [308] "champion"                                                                                
##  [309] "chancellor"                                                                              
##  [310] "channel"                                                                                 
##  [311] "chapter"                                                                                 
##  [312] "characterist"                                                                            
##  [313] "charit"                                                                                  
##  [314] "charlott"                                                                                
##  [315] "charter"                                                                                 
##  [316] "cheap"                                                                                   
##  [317] "cheapest"                                                                                
##  [318] "cheekili"                                                                                
##  [319] "chees"                                                                                   
##  [320] "chef"                                                                                    
##  [321] "chief"                                                                                   
##  [322] "childhood"                                                                               
##  [323] "children’"                                                                               
##  [324] "choic"                                                                                   
##  [325] "christma"                                                                                
##  [326] "church"                                                                                  
##  [327] "circumst"                                                                                
##  [328] "citi"                                                                                    
##  [329] "citizen"                                                                                 
##  [330] "citizen’"                                                                                
##  [331] "citizenship"                                                                             
##  [332] "citrus"                                                                                  
##  [333] "city-region"                                                                             
##  [334] "claim"                                                                                   
##  [335] "claimant"                                                                                
##  [336] "clear"                                                                                   
##  [337] "climat"                                                                                  
##  [338] "closur"                                                                                  
##  [339] "cloth"                                                                                   
##  [340] "club"                                                                                    
##  [341] "cnn"                                                                                     
##  [342] "co-found"                                                                                
##  [343] "co-ordin"                                                                                
##  [344] "co-produc"                                                                               
##  [345] "coalit"                                                                                  
##  [346] "cobbl"                                                                                   
##  [347] "cofarm"                                                                                  
##  [348] "coffey"                                                                                  
##  [349] "cold-fac"                                                                                
##  [350] "collabor"                                                                                
##  [351] "collat"                                                                                  
##  [352] "colleagu"                                                                                
##  [353] "collect"                                                                                 
##  [354] "combin"                                                                                  
##  [355] "come"                                                                                    
##  [356] "comic"                                                                                   
##  [357] "commend"                                                                                 
##  [358] "comment"                                                                                 
##  [359] "commentari"                                                                              
##  [360] "commiss"                                                                                 
##  [361] "commit"                                                                                  
##  [362] "committe"                                                                                
##  [363] "common"                                                                                  
##  [364] "communic"                                                                                
##  [365] "compani"                                                                                 
##  [366] "compar"                                                                                  
##  [367] "compass"                                                                                 
##  [368] "compassion"                                                                              
##  [369] "compel"                                                                                  
##  [370] "complet"                                                                                 
##  [371] "complex"                                                                                 
##  [372] "compound"                                                                                
##  [373] "comprehens"                                                                              
##  [374] "concern"                                                                                 
##  [375] "conclud"                                                                                 
##  [376] "conclus"                                                                                 
##  [377] "concret"                                                                                 
##  [378] "condit"                                                                                  
##  [379] "conduct"                                                                                 
##  [380] "confer"                                                                                  
##  [381] "confid"                                                                                  
##  [382] "connect"                                                                                 
##  [383] "connot"                                                                                  
##  [384] "conserv"                                                                                 
##  [385] "consid"                                                                                  
##  [386] "conspiraci"                                                                              
##  [387] "constant"                                                                                
##  [388] "consult"                                                                                 
##  [389] "consum"                                                                                  
##  [390] "contain"                                                                                 
##  [391] "content"                                                                                 
##  [392] "context"                                                                                 
##  [393] "contextualis"                                                                            
##  [394] "continu"                                                                                 
##  [395] "contract"                                                                                
##  [396] "contribut"                                                                               
##  [397] "control"                                                                                 
##  [398] "conven"                                                                                  
##  [399] "convers"                                                                                 
##  [400] "cook"                                                                                    
##  [401] "coordin"                                                                                 
##  [402] "cope"                                                                                    
##  [403] "coping…"                                                                                 
##  [404] "cornwal"                                                                                 
##  [405] "coronavirus"                                                                             
##  [406] "correct"                                                                                 
##  [407] "costsavail"                                                                              
##  [408] "coteau"                                                                                  
##  [409] "couldnt"                                                                                 
##  [410] "council"                                                                                 
##  [411] "councillor"                                                                              
##  [412] "counter"                                                                                 
##  [413] "countri"                                                                                 
##  [414] "coupl"                                                                                   
##  [415] "cours"                                                                                   
##  [416] "cover"                                                                                   
##  [417] "covid-’"                                                                                 
##  [418] "cpi"                                                                                     
##  [419] "cpr"                                                                                     
##  [420] "crack"                                                                                   
##  [421] "cram"                                                                                    
##  [422] "creat"                                                                                   
##  [423] "creativ"                                                                                 
##  [424] "crise"                                                                                   
##  [425] "critic"                                                                                  
##  [426] "criticis"                                                                                
##  [427] "cross-parti"                                                                             
##  [428] "crowdfund"                                                                               
##  [429] "crucial"                                                                                 
##  [430] "crumb"                                                                                   
##  [431] "cupboard"                                                                                
##  [432] "current"                                                                                 
##  [433] "custom"                                                                                  
##  [434] "cut’"                                                                                    
##  [435] "cycl"                                                                                    
##  [436] "cymru"                                                                                   
##  [437] "daili"                                                                                   
##  [438] "dalmeni"                                                                                 
##  [439] "dame"                                                                                    
##  [440] "damn"                                                                                    
##  [441] "dan"                                                                                     
##  [442] "dark"                                                                                    
##  [443] "databas"                                                                                 
##  [444] "dataset"                                                                                 
##  [445] "date"                                                                                    
##  [446] "david"                                                                                   
##  [447] "day"                                                                                     
##  [448] "daylesford"                                                                              
##  [449] "dbc"                                                                                     
##  [450] "deal"                                                                                    
##  [451] "death"                                                                                   
##  [452] "debat"                                                                                   
##  [453] "debt"                                                                                    
##  [454] "decad"                                                                                   
##  [455] "decemb"                                                                                  
##  [456] "december”"                                                                               
##  [457] "decid"                                                                                   
##  [458] "decis"                                                                                   
##  [459] "declin"                                                                                  
##  [460] "decreas"                                                                                 
##  [461] "decri"                                                                                   
##  [462] "dedic"                                                                                   
##  [463] "dee"                                                                                     
##  [464] "deep"                                                                                    
##  [465] "deep-seat"                                                                               
##  [466] "deepen"                                                                                  
##  [467] "deeper"                                                                                  
##  [468] "defenc"                                                                                  
##  [469] "defici"                                                                                  
##  [470] "defra"                                                                                   
##  [471] "degre"                                                                                   
##  [472] "delay"                                                                                   
##  [473] "deliciouspodcast"                                                                        
##  [474] "deliv"                                                                                   
##  [475] "deliveri"                                                                                
##  [476] "demand”"                                                                                 
##  [477] "demograph"                                                                               
##  [478] "demonstr"                                                                                
##  [479] "deni"                                                                                    
##  [480] "depart"                                                                                  
##  [481] "depend"                                                                                  
##  [482] "depress"                                                                                 
##  [483] "depriv"                                                                                  
##  [484] "derbi"                                                                                   
##  [485] "describ"                                                                                 
##  [486] "design"                                                                                  
##  [487] "desir"                                                                                   
##  [488] "desper"                                                                                  
##  [489] "despit"                                                                                  
##  [490] "destitut"                                                                                
##  [491] "detriment"                                                                               
##  [492] "devast"                                                                                  
##  [493] "develop"                                                                                 
##  [494] "devolv"                                                                                  
##  [495] "didn’t"                                                                                  
##  [496] "diet"                                                                                    
##  [497] "diet-rel"                                                                                
##  [498] "differ"                                                                                  
##  [499] "difficult"                                                                               
##  [500] "digit"                                                                                   
##  [501] "dignifi"                                                                                 
##  [502] "digniti"                                                                                 
##  [503] "dimblebi"                                                                                
##  [504] "dimbleby’"                                                                               
##  [505] "diminish"                                                                                
##  [506] "direct"                                                                                  
##  [507] "director"                                                                                
##  [508] "disabl"                                                                                  
##  [509] "disadvantag"                                                                             
##  [510] "disast"                                                                                  
##  [511] "disconnect"                                                                              
##  [512] "discov"                                                                                  
##  [513] "dish"                                                                                    
##  [514] "dispar"                                                                                  
##  [515] "disproportion"                                                                           
##  [516] "disrupt"                                                                                 
##  [517] "distant"                                                                                 
##  [518] "distitut"                                                                                
##  [519] "distress"                                                                                
##  [520] "divers"                                                                                  
##  [521] "doctor"                                                                                  
##  [522] "document"                                                                                
##  [523] "documentari"                                                                             
##  [524] "doesn’t"                                                                                 
##  [525] "doesnt"                                                                                  
##  [526] "doherti"                                                                                 
##  [527] "domest"                                                                                  
##  [528] "domin"                                                                                   
##  [529] "don"                                                                                     
##  [530] "don’t"                                                                                   
##  [531] "donat"                                                                                   
##  [532] "done"                                                                                    
##  [533] "donor"                                                                                   
##  [534] "dont"                                                                                    
##  [535] "doubl"                                                                                   
##  [536] "dover-calai"                                                                             
##  [537] "down"                                                                                    
##  [538] "draft"                                                                                   
##  [539] "drag"                                                                                    
##  [540] "dramat"                                                                                  
##  [541] "draw"                                                                                    
##  [542] "drink"                                                                                   
##  [543] "drive"                                                                                   
##  [544] "driven"                                                                                  
##  [545] "driver"                                                                                  
##  [546] "drug"                                                                                    
##  [547] "duti"                                                                                    
##  [548] "dwp"                                                                                     
##  [549] "dynam"                                                                                   
##  [550] "earli"                                                                                   
##  [551] "earlier"                                                                                 
##  [552] "earlsfield"                                                                              
##  [553] "earlsfieldfood"                                                                          
##  [554] "earn"                                                                                    
##  [555] "easiest"                                                                                 
##  [556] "east"                                                                                    
##  [557] "easter"                                                                                  
##  [558] "eat"                                                                                     
##  [559] "eat”"                                                                                    
##  [560] "econom"                                                                                  
##  [561] "edinburgh"                                                                               
##  [562] "educ"                                                                                    
##  [563] "effect"                                                                                  
##  [564] "effort"                                                                                  
##  [565] "efra"                                                                                    
##  [566] "either"                                                                                  
##  [567] "elder"                                                                                   
##  [568] "eleg"                                                                                    
##  [569] "element"                                                                                 
##  [570] "eleph"                                                                                   
##  [571] "elig"                                                                                    
##  [572] "elli"                                                                                    
##  [573] "els"                                                                                     
##  [574] "embarrass"                                                                               
##  [575] "emili"                                                                                   
##  [576] "emiss"                                                                                   
##  [577] "emma"                                                                                    
##  [578] "emot"                                                                                    
##  [579] "empathi"                                                                                 
##  [580] "emphasis"                                                                                
##  [581] "empir"                                                                                   
##  [582] "employ"                                                                                  
##  [583] "employe"                                                                                 
##  [584] "empow"                                                                                   
##  [585] "empower"                                                                                 
##  [586] "enabl"                                                                                   
##  [587] "encourag"                                                                                
##  [588] "endchildfoodpoverti"                                                                     
##  [589] "endur"                                                                                   
##  [590] "energi"                                                                                  
##  [591] "enough’"                                                                                 
##  [592] "enshrin"                                                                                 
##  [593] "ensur"                                                                                   
##  [594] "entangl"                                                                                 
##  [595] "enter"                                                                                   
##  [596] "entir"                                                                                   
##  [597] "entitl"                                                                                  
##  [598] "entrench"                                                                                
##  [599] "enuf"                                                                                    
##  [600] "environ"                                                                                 
##  [601] "epidem"                                                                                  
##  [602] "episod"                                                                                  
##  [603] "equal"                                                                                   
##  [604] "equiti"                                                                                  
##  [605] "equival"                                                                                 
##  [606] "era"                                                                                     
##  [607] "erik"                                                                                    
##  [608] "escal"                                                                                   
##  [609] "especi"                                                                                  
##  [610] "esrc-fund"                                                                               
##  [611] "esrc-sponsor"                                                                            
##  [612] "essay"                                                                                   
##  [613] "essenti"                                                                                 
##  [614] "establish"                                                                               
##  [615] "estim"                                                                                   
##  [616] "etc"                                                                                     
##  [617] "ethic"                                                                                   
##  [618] "ethnic"                                                                                  
##  [619] "even"                                                                                    
##  [620] "ever"                                                                                    
##  [621] "ever-increas"                                                                            
##  [622] "ever-widen"                                                                              
##  [623] "everi"                                                                                   
##  [624] "everyday"                                                                                
##  [625] "everyon"                                                                                 
##  [626] "evid"                                                                                    
##  [627] "ex-tori"                                                                                 
##  [628] "exacerb"                                                                                 
##  [629] "examin"                                                                                  
##  [630] "exampl"                                                                                  
##  [631] "exceed"                                                                                  
##  [632] "excel"                                                                                   
##  [633] "exchang"                                                                                 
##  [634] "exclud"                                                                                  
##  [635] "execut"                                                                                  
##  [636] "exercis"                                                                                 
##  [637] "exhaust"                                                                                 
##  [638] "exist"                                                                                   
##  [639] "existed’"                                                                                
##  [640] "expand"                                                                                  
##  [641] "expect"                                                                                  
##  [642] "expens"                                                                                  
##  [643] "experi"                                                                                  
##  [644] "expert"                                                                                  
##  [645] "explain"                                                                                 
##  [646] "exploit"                                                                                 
##  [647] "explor"                                                                                  
##  [648] "expos"                                                                                   
##  [649] "express"                                                                                 
##  [650] "extend"                                                                                  
##  [651] "extens"                                                                                  
##  [652] "extent"                                                                                  
##  [653] "extra"                                                                                   
##  [654] "extrem"                                                                                  
##  [655] "fabian"                                                                                  
##  [656] "factor"                                                                                  
##  [657] "fail"                                                                                    
##  [658] "failur"                                                                                  
##  [659] "fair"                                                                                    
##  [660] "fairer"                                                                                  
##  [661] "fall"                                                                                    
##  [662] "fallen"                                                                                  
##  [663] "fallout"                                                                                 
##  [664] "families…’"                                                                              
##  [665] "fan"                                                                                     
##  [666] "fantast"                                                                                 
##  [667] "far"                                                                                     
##  [668] "fareshar"                                                                                
##  [669] "farm"                                                                                    
##  [670] "farmer"                                                                                  
##  [671] "fat"                                                                                     
##  [672] "fault-lin"                                                                               
##  [673] "fdf"                                                                                     
##  [674] "fear"                                                                                    
##  [675] "featur"                                                                                  
##  [676] "februari"                                                                                
##  [677] "fed"                                                                                     
##  [678] "feel"                                                                                    
##  [679] "felt"                                                                                    
##  [680] "festiv"                                                                                  
##  [681] "ffcc"                                                                                    
##  [682] "field"                                                                                   
##  [683] "fight"                                                                                   
##  [684] "figur"                                                                                   
##  [685] "fill"                                                                                    
##  [686] "film"                                                                                    
##  [687] "financ"                                                                                  
##  [688] "find"                                                                                    
##  [689] "firm"                                                                                    
##  [690] "first-hand"                                                                              
##  [691] "first’"                                                                                  
##  [692] "fiscal"                                                                                  
##  [693] "fit"                                                                                     
##  [694] "five"                                                                                    
##  [695] "five-year"                                                                               
##  [696] "fix"                                                                                     
##  [697] "flaw"                                                                                    
##  [698] "flexibl"                                                                                 
##  [699] "flow"                                                                                    
##  [700] "focus"                                                                                   
##  [701] "follow"                                                                                  
##  [702] "food-first"                                                                              
##  [703] "foodbank"                                                                                
##  [704] "foodpovertyuk"                                                                           
##  [705] "foodtopia"                                                                               
##  [706] "footbal"                                                                                 
##  [707] "footballer’"                                                                             
##  [708] "footprint"                                                                               
##  [709] "forc"                                                                                    
##  [710] "forecast"                                                                                
##  [711] "foremost"                                                                                
##  [712] "forest"                                                                                  
##  [713] "forget"                                                                                  
##  [714] "forgotten"                                                                               
##  [715] "form"                                                                                    
##  [716] "former"                                                                                  
##  [717] "forsey"                                                                                  
##  [718] "forsubsidis"                                                                             
##  [719] "forum"                                                                                   
##  [720] "forward"                                                                                 
##  [721] "foucauldian"                                                                             
##  [722] "found"                                                                                   
##  [723] "founder"                                                                                 
##  [724] "four"                                                                                    
##  [725] "frame"                                                                                   
##  [726] "framework"                                                                               
##  [727] "franc"                                                                                   
##  [728] "frank"                                                                                   
##  [729] "frc"                                                                                     
##  [730] "freedom"                                                                                 
##  [731] "freez"                                                                                   
##  [732] "freight"                                                                                 
##  [733] "fresh"                                                                                   
##  [734] "fring"                                                                                   
##  [735] "frome"                                                                                   
##  [736] "frome’"                                                                                  
##  [737] "front-lin"                                                                               
##  [738] "frontlin"                                                                                
##  [739] "fruit"                                                                                   
##  [740] "frustrat"                                                                                
##  [741] "fsa"                                                                                     
##  [742] "fsm"                                                                                     
##  [743] "fuel"                                                                                    
##  [744] "fulfil"                                                                                  
##  [745] "full"                                                                                    
##  [746] "full”"                                                                                   
##  [747] "fundament"                                                                               
##  [748] "furey"                                                                                   
##  [749] "furlough"                                                                                
##  [750] "furnitur"                                                                                
##  [751] "futur"                                                                                   
##  [752] "gain"                                                                                    
##  [753] "gap"                                                                                     
##  [754] "garnett"                                                                                 
##  [755] "garnham"                                                                                 
##  [756] "gas"                                                                                     
##  [757] "gather"                                                                                  
##  [758] "gavin"                                                                                   
##  [759] "geiger"                                                                                  
##  [760] "general"                                                                                 
##  [761] "generos"                                                                                 
##  [762] "generous"                                                                                
##  [763] "geneticist"                                                                              
##  [764] "genuin"                                                                                  
##  [765] "geograph"                                                                                
##  [766] "geographi"                                                                               
##  [767] "gift"                                                                                    
##  [768] "gingerbread"                                                                             
##  [769] "give"                                                                                    
##  [770] "given"                                                                                   
##  [771] "glasgow"                                                                                 
##  [772] "global"                                                                                  
##  [773] "goal"                                                                                    
##  [774] "goe"                                                                                     
##  [775] "gold"                                                                                    
##  [776] "golden"                                                                                  
##  [777] "gone"                                                                                    
##  [778] "goodwil"                                                                                 
##  [779] "goodwin"                                                                                 
##  [780] "googl"                                                                                   
##  [781] "gordon"                                                                                  
##  [782] "got"                                                                                     
##  [783] "gov"                                                                                     
##  [784] "government’"                                                                             
##  [785] "govt"                                                                                    
##  [786] "grant"                                                                                   
##  [787] "granvill"                                                                                
##  [788] "graphic"                                                                                 
##  [789] "grassroot"                                                                               
##  [790] "great"                                                                                   
##  [791] "great”"                                                                                  
##  [792] "greater"                                                                                 
##  [793] "greenhous"                                                                               
##  [794] "grim"                                                                                    
##  [795] "grocer"                                                                                  
##  [796] "groceri"                                                                                 
##  [797] "ground-break"                                                                            
##  [798] "grow"                                                                                    
##  [799] "growth"                                                                                  
##  [800] "grubbi"                                                                                  
##  [801] "guarante"                                                                                
##  [802] "guardian"                                                                                
##  [803] "guest"                                                                                   
##  [804] "guid"                                                                                    
##  [805] "guidanc"                                                                                 
##  [806] "guidelin"                                                                                
##  [807] "habit"                                                                                   
##  [808] "haig"                                                                                    
##  [809] "half"                                                                                    
##  [810] "half-term"                                                                               
##  [811] "halt"                                                                                    
##  [812] "hand"                                                                                    
##  [813] "handout"                                                                                 
##  [814] "hannah"                                                                                  
##  [815] "happen"                                                                                  
##  [816] "harder"                                                                                  
##  [817] "hardest"                                                                                 
##  [818] "hardship"                                                                                
##  [819] "harm"                                                                                    
##  [820] "harsh"                                                                                   
##  [821] "haven’t"                                                                                 
##  [822] "head"                                                                                    
##  [823] "healthier"                                                                               
##  [824] "hear"                                                                                    
##  [825] "heart"                                                                                   
##  [826] "hearten"                                                                                 
##  [827] "heat"                                                                                    
##  [828] "heavili"                                                                                 
##  [829] "helen"                                                                                   
##  [830] "henri"                                                                                   
##  [831] "here"                                                                                    
##  [832] "heron"                                                                                   
##  [833] "hidden"                                                                                  
##  [834] "hide"                                                                                    
##  [835] "high-level"                                                                              
##  [836] "high-qual"                                                                               
##  [837] "higher"                                                                                  
##  [838] "highest"                                                                                 
##  [839] "histori"                                                                                 
##  [840] "hit"                                                                                     
##  [841] "hold"                                                                                    
##  [842] "hole"                                                                                    
##  [843] "holidays”"                                                                               
##  [844] "home"                                                                                    
##  [845] "home-start"                                                                              
##  [846] "homeless"                                                                                
##  [847] "hone"                                                                                    
##  [848] "horizon—food"                                                                            
##  [849] "hospit"                                                                                  
##  [850] "hot"                                                                                     
##  [851] "hotspot"                                                                                 
##  [852] "hous"                                                                                    
##  [853] "howev"                                                                                   
##  [854] "httpscpagorguknews-blogsnews-listingsmaking-difference-together-five-key-lessons-covid-r"
##  [855] "hub"                                                                                     
##  [856] "huddersfield"                                                                            
##  [857] "huffington"                                                                              
##  [858] "huge"                                                                                    
##  [859] "hugh"                                                                                    
##  [860] "human"                                                                                   
##  [861] "humanitarian"                                                                            
##  [862] "hunger’"                                                                                 
##  [863] "hungri"                                                                                  
##  [864] "hurrel"                                                                                  
##  [865] "hurt"                                                                                    
##  [866] "ian"                                                                                     
##  [867] "idea"                                                                                    
##  [868] "identifi"                                                                                
##  [869] "ifan’"                                                                                   
##  [870] "ignor"                                                                                   
##  [871] "iii"                                                                                     
##  [872] "ill"                                                                                     
##  [873] "ill-equip"                                                                               
##  [874] "illustr"                                                                                 
##  [875] "immedi"                                                                                  
##  [876] "immigr"                                                                                  
##  [877] "imogen"                                                                                  
##  [878] "impend"                                                                                  
##  [879] "impli"                                                                                   
##  [880] "implic"                                                                                  
##  [881] "importexport"                                                                            
##  [882] "imposs"                                                                                  
##  [883] "improv"                                                                                  
##  [884] "inadequ"                                                                                 
##  [885] "inalien"                                                                                 
##  [886] "incent"                                                                                  
##  [887] "income-bas"                                                                              
##  [888] "incomehousehold"                                                                         
##  [889] "incomethat"                                                                              
##  [890] "incorpor"                                                                                
##  [891] "indefinit"                                                                               
##  [892] "index"                                                                                   
##  [893] "indic"                                                                                   
##  [894] "indict"                                                                                  
##  [895] "individu"                                                                                
##  [896] "industri"                                                                                
##  [897] "industry”"                                                                               
##  [898] "influenc"                                                                                
##  [899] "influx"                                                                                  
##  [900] "inform"                                                                                  
##  [901] "infrastructur"                                                                           
##  [902] "initi"                                                                                   
##  [903] "innov"                                                                                   
##  [904] "inquiri"                                                                                 
##  [905] "insid"                                                                                   
##  [906] "insight"                                                                                 
##  [907] "inspir"                                                                                  
##  [908] "instanc"                                                                                 
##  [909] "instead"                                                                                 
##  [910] "institut"                                                                                
##  [911] "institutionalis"                                                                         
##  [912] "instruct"                                                                                
##  [913] "insul"                                                                                   
##  [914] "integr"                                                                                  
##  [915] "intellig"                                                                                
##  [916] "intensifi"                                                                               
##  [917] "interact"                                                                                
##  [918] "interconnect"                                                                            
##  [919] "interest"                                                                                
##  [920] "intern"                                                                                  
##  [921] "interpret"                                                                               
##  [922] "intersect"                                                                               
##  [923] "interven"                                                                                
##  [924] "intervent"                                                                               
##  [925] "interview"                                                                               
##  [926] "introduc"                                                                                
##  [927] "invest"                                                                                  
##  [928] "ipso"                                                                                    
##  [929] "ireland"                                                                                 
##  [930] "irish"                                                                                   
##  [931] "iron"                                                                                    
##  [932] "isn’t"                                                                                   
##  [933] "isol"                                                                                    
##  [934] "item"                                                                                    
##  [935] "ive"                                                                                     
##  [936] "jack"                                                                                    
##  [937] "jami"                                                                                    
##  [938] "januari"                                                                                 
##  [939] "jay"                                                                                     
##  [940] "jeanett"                                                                                 
##  [941] "job"                                                                                     
##  [942] "joe"                                                                                     
##  [943] "john"                                                                                    
##  [944] "johnson"                                                                                 
##  [945] "johnson’"                                                                                
##  [946] "join"                                                                                    
##  [947] "joined--"                                                                                
##  [948] "joint"                                                                                   
##  [949] "joseph"                                                                                  
##  [950] "jrf"                                                                                     
##  [951] "judici"                                                                                  
##  [952] "juic"                                                                                    
##  [953] "juli"                                                                                    
##  [954] "julia"                                                                                   
##  [955] "jump"                                                                                    
##  [956] "june"                                                                                    
##  [957] "justic"                                                                                  
##  [958] "kartik"                                                                                  
##  [959] "kartikraj"                                                                               
##  [960] "kate"                                                                                    
##  [961] "kath"                                                                                    
##  [962] "kati"                                                                                    
##  [963] "kcal"                                                                                    
##  [964] "keep"                                                                                    
##  [965] "keepthelifelin"                                                                          
##  [966] "kerridg"                                                                                 
##  [967] "kilo"                                                                                    
##  [968] "kilocalori"                                                                              
##  [969] "kind"                                                                                    
##  [970] "king"                                                                                    
##  [971] "kingdom"                                                                                 
##  [972] "kingdon"                                                                                 
##  [973] "kinross"                                                                                 
##  [974] "kitchen"                                                                                 
##  [975] "kiwi"                                                                                    
##  [976] "know"                                                                                    
##  [977] "known"                                                                                   
##  [978] "lab"                                                                                     
##  [979] "labour"                                                                                  
##  [980] "lack"                                                                                    
##  [981] "lamb"                                                                                    
##  [982] "lambie-mumford"                                                                          
##  [983] "land"                                                                                    
##  [984] "lang"                                                                                    
##  [985] "languag"                                                                                 
##  [986] "larg"                                                                                    
##  [987] "latitud"                                                                                 
##  [988] "launch"                                                                                  
##  [989] "law"                                                                                     
##  [990] "lead"                                                                                    
##  [991] "leader"                                                                                  
##  [992] "leaflet"                                                                                 
##  [993] "learn"                                                                                   
##  [994] "learn’"                                                                                  
##  [995] "learnt"                                                                                  
##  [996] "least"                                                                                   
##  [997] "leav"                                                                                    
##  [998] "led"                                                                                     
##  [999] "leek"                                                                                    
## [1000] "left"                                                                                    
## [1001] "leg"                                                                                     
## [1002] "legaci"                                                                                  
## [1003] "legal"                                                                                   
## [1004] "legisl"                                                                                  
## [1005] "leicest"                                                                                 
## [1006] "less"                                                                                    
## [1007] "lesson"                                                                                  
## [1008] "let"                                                                                     
## [1009] "lettuc"                                                                                  
## [1010] "lewisham"                                                                                
## [1011] "lfw"                                                                                     
## [1012] "lidl"                                                                                    
## [1013] "life"                                                                                    
## [1014] "life’"                                                                                   
## [1015] "lifelin"                                                                                 
## [1016] "light"                                                                                   
## [1017] "limit"                                                                                   
## [1018] "lincolnshir"                                                                             
## [1019] "line"                                                                                    
## [1020] "list"                                                                                    
## [1021] "liverpool"                                                                               
## [1022] "load"                                                                                    
## [1023] "loan"                                                                                    
## [1024] "locat"                                                                                   
## [1025] "logic"                                                                                   
## [1026] "london’"                                                                                 
## [1027] "long"                                                                                    
## [1028] "long-term"                                                                               
## [1029] "longer-term"                                                                             
## [1030] "longsight"                                                                               
## [1031] "look"                                                                                    
## [1032] "loopstra"                                                                                
## [1033] "lose"                                                                                    
## [1034] "loss"                                                                                    
## [1035] "lost"                                                                                    
## [1036] "lost’"                                                                                   
## [1037] "lot"                                                                                     
## [1038] "louis"                                                                                   
## [1039] "low-incom"                                                                               
## [1040] "low-paid"                                                                                
## [1041] "lower"                                                                                   
## [1042] "lunch"                                                                                   
## [1043] "lwas"                                                                                    
## [1044] "made"                                                                                    
## [1045] "madelein"                                                                                
## [1046] "magic"                                                                                   
## [1047] "main"                                                                                    
## [1048] "mainstream"                                                                              
## [1049] "maintain"                                                                                
## [1050] "major"                                                                                   
## [1051] "malnutrit"                                                                               
## [1052] "malori"                                                                                  
## [1053] "manag"                                                                                   
## [1054] "manchest"                                                                                
## [1055] "manifestovis"                                                                            
## [1056] "map"                                                                                     
## [1057] "march"                                                                                   
## [1058] "march-juli"                                                                              
## [1059] "marchapril"                                                                              
## [1060] "marion"                                                                                  
## [1061] "market"                                                                                  
## [1062] "marmot"                                                                                  
## [1063] "marsden"                                                                                 
## [1064] "martin"                                                                                  
## [1065] "mask"                                                                                    
## [1066] "mass"                                                                                    
## [1067] "massiv"                                                                                  
## [1068] "match"                                                                                   
## [1069] "materi"                                                                                  
## [1070] "matt"                                                                                    
## [1071] "matter"                                                                                  
## [1072] "maximis"                                                                                 
## [1073] "may"                                                                                     
## [1074] "mean"                                                                                    
## [1075] "meaning"                                                                                 
## [1076] "meanwhil"                                                                                
## [1077] "measur"                                                                                  
## [1078] "mechan"                                                                                  
## [1079] "media"                                                                                   
## [1080] "median"                                                                                  
## [1081] "medic"                                                                                   
## [1082] "member"                                                                                  
## [1083] "membership"                                                                              
## [1084] "mental"                                                                                  
## [1085] "mere"                                                                                    
## [1086] "messag"                                                                                  
## [1087] "messi"                                                                                   
## [1088] "met"                                                                                     
## [1089] "method"                                                                                  
## [1090] "micah"                                                                                   
## [1091] "michael"                                                                                 
## [1092] "microbiom"                                                                               
## [1093] "middle-incom"                                                                            
## [1094] "middlesex"                                                                               
## [1095] "migrant"                                                                                 
## [1096] "mile"                                                                                    
## [1097] "million’"                                                                                
## [1098] "millston"                                                                                
## [1099] "minimum"                                                                                 
## [1100] "ministeri"                                                                               
## [1101] "minor"                                                                                   
## [1102] "minut"                                                                                   
## [1103] "mirror"                                                                                  
## [1104] "misleading”"                                                                             
## [1105] "miss"                                                                                    
## [1106] "mission"                                                                                 
## [1107] "mitig"                                                                                   
## [1108] "mix"                                                                                     
## [1109] "mixtur"                                                                                  
## [1110] "model"                                                                                   
## [1111] "moment"                                                                                  
## [1112] "money"                                                                                   
## [1113] "monitor"                                                                                 
## [1114] "monro"                                                                                   
## [1115] "monroe’"                                                                                 
## [1116] "moral"                                                                                   
## [1117] "mori"                                                                                    
## [1118] "most"                                                                                    
## [1119] "mother"                                                                                  
## [1120] "motion"                                                                                  
## [1121] "mould"                                                                                   
## [1122] "move"                                                                                    
## [1123] "movement"                                                                                
## [1124] "mps"                                                                                     
## [1125] "ms’s"                                                                                    
## [1126] "much"                                                                                    
## [1127] "muddl"                                                                                   
## [1128] "multifari"                                                                               
## [1129] "multipl"                                                                                 
## [1130] "mum"                                                                                     
## [1131] "munro"                                                                                   
## [1132] "must"                                                                                    
## [1133] "mutual"                                                                                  
## [1134] "name"                                                                                    
## [1135] "nationwid"                                                                               
## [1136] "natur"                                                                                   
## [1137] "near"                                                                                    
## [1138] "necessari"                                                                               
## [1139] "necessarili"                                                                             
## [1140] "nef"                                                                                     
## [1141] "negat"                                                                                   
## [1142] "neglect"                                                                                 
## [1143] "nestl"                                                                                   
## [1144] "net"                                                                                     
## [1145] "netherland"                                                                              
## [1146] "network"                                                                                 
## [1147] "never"                                                                                   
## [1148] "newcastl"                                                                                
## [1149] "newli"                                                                                   
## [1150] "news"                                                                                    
## [1151] "newspap"                                                                                 
## [1152] "next"                                                                                    
## [1153] "nfs"                                                                                     
## [1154] "nfu"                                                                                     
## [1155] "ngos"                                                                                    
## [1156] "nice"                                                                                    
## [1157] "nicola"                                                                                  
## [1158] "nine"                                                                                    
## [1159] "non-food"                                                                                
## [1160] "normal"                                                                                  
## [1161] "north"                                                                                   
## [1162] "north-east"                                                                              
## [1163] "northern"                                                                                
## [1164] "northumbria"                                                                             
## [1165] "northwest"                                                                               
## [1166] "note"                                                                                    
## [1167] "noth"                                                                                    
## [1168] "notic"                                                                                   
## [1169] "nottingham"                                                                              
## [1170] "nov"                                                                                     
## [1171] "novemb"                                                                                  
## [1172] "now”"                                                                                    
## [1173] "nutrient"                                                                                
## [1174] "nutrit"                                                                                  
## [1175] "nutriti"                                                                                 
## [1176] "o’connel"                                                                                
## [1177] "obes"                                                                                    
## [1178] "oblig"                                                                                   
## [1179] "oct"                                                                                     
## [1180] "octob"                                                                                   
## [1181] "offer"                                                                                   
## [1182] "offic"                                                                                   
## [1183] "offici"                                                                                  
## [1184] "often"                                                                                   
## [1185] "older"                                                                                   
## [1186] "oli"                                                                                     
## [1187] "oliv"                                                                                    
## [1188] "onlin"                                                                                   
## [1189] "onto"                                                                                    
## [1190] "open"                                                                                    
## [1191] "oper"                                                                                    
## [1192] "opinion"                                                                                 
## [1193] "opportun"                                                                                
## [1194] "option"                                                                                  
## [1195] "oral"                                                                                    
## [1196] "order"                                                                                   
## [1197] "organ"                                                                                   
## [1198] "organicsagroecolog"                                                                      
## [1199] "orrey"                                                                                   
## [1200] "other"                                                                                   
## [1201] "otherwis"                                                                                
## [1202] "outbreak"                                                                                
## [1203] "outlin"                                                                                  
## [1204] "output"                                                                                  
## [1205] "outstand"                                                                                
## [1206] "overarch"                                                                                
## [1207] "overcom"                                                                                 
## [1208] "overestim"                                                                               
## [1209] "overnight"                                                                               
## [1210] "overpay"                                                                                 
## [1211] "oversight"                                                                               
## [1212] "overstretch"                                                                             
## [1213] "overview"                                                                                
## [1214] "overwhelm"                                                                               
## [1215] "owe"                                                                                     
## [1216] "ownwe’v"                                                                                 
## [1217] "pace"                                                                                    
## [1218] "pacescal"                                                                                
## [1219] "packag"                                                                                  
## [1220] "page"                                                                                    
## [1221] "paid"                                                                                    
## [1222] "paint"                                                                                   
## [1223] "palmer"                                                                                  
## [1224] "paltri"                                                                                  
## [1225] "panorama"                                                                                
## [1226] "pantri"                                                                                  
## [1227] "paper"                                                                                   
## [1228] "parcels”"                                                                                
## [1229] "parent"                                                                                  
## [1230] "parents’"                                                                                
## [1231] "parliament"                                                                              
## [1232] "parliamentari"                                                                           
## [1233] "part"                                                                                    
## [1234] "parti"                                                                                   
## [1235] "particip"                                                                                
## [1236] "particular"                                                                              
## [1237] "partner"                                                                                 
## [1238] "partnership"                                                                             
## [1239] "past"                                                                                    
## [1240] "patra"                                                                                   
## [1241] "patrick"                                                                                 
## [1242] "pattern"                                                                                 
## [1243] "paus"                                                                                    
## [1244] "pay"                                                                                     
## [1245] "payment"                                                                                 
## [1246] "payments”"                                                                               
## [1247] "pea"                                                                                     
## [1248] "peak"                                                                                    
## [1249] "peanut"                                                                                  
## [1250] "pension"                                                                                 
## [1251] "people’"                                                                                 
## [1252] "per"                                                                                     
## [1253] "perci"                                                                                   
## [1254] "perfect"                                                                                 
## [1255] "period"                                                                                  
## [1256] "perish"                                                                                  
## [1257] "perman"                                                                                  
## [1258] "person"                                                                                  
## [1259] "perspect"                                                                                
## [1260] "petit"                                                                                   
## [1261] "phase"                                                                                   
## [1262] "philip"                                                                                  
## [1263] "photo"                                                                                   
## [1264] "photograph"                                                                              
## [1265] "physic"                                                                                  
## [1266] "pick"                                                                                    
## [1267] "pickup"                                                                                  
## [1268] "pictur"                                                                                  
## [1269] "pig"                                                                                     
## [1270] "pippa"                                                                                   
## [1271] "place"                                                                                   
## [1272] "plant-bas"                                                                               
## [1273] "plaster"                                                                                 
## [1274] "plate"                                                                                   
## [1275] "play"                                                                                    
## [1276] "plea"                                                                                    
## [1277] "pleas"                                                                                   
## [1278] "pledg"                                                                                   
## [1279] "plung"                                                                                   
## [1280] "plus"                                                                                    
## [1281] "pm’s"                                                                                    
## [1282] "pocket"                                                                                  
## [1283] "poem"                                                                                    
## [1284] "point"                                                                                   
## [1285] "policymak"                                                                               
## [1286] "polit"                                                                                   
## [1287] "politician"                                                                              
## [1288] "poll"                                                                                    
## [1289] "pollard"                                                                                 
## [1290] "pool"                                                                                    
## [1291] "poor"                                                                                    
## [1292] "poorest"                                                                                 
## [1293] "pop-"                                                                                    
## [1294] "popul"                                                                                   
## [1295] "port"                                                                                    
## [1296] "portion"                                                                                 
## [1297] "posit"                                                                                   
## [1298] "possibl"                                                                                 
## [1299] "post"                                                                                    
## [1300] "post-brexit"                                                                             
## [1301] "post-covid"                                                                              
## [1302] "post-covid-"                                                                             
## [1303] "potenti"                                                                                 
## [1304] "power"                                                                                   
## [1305] "practic"                                                                                 
## [1306] "practis"                                                                                 
## [1307] "pre-coivd-"                                                                              
## [1308] "pre-pack"                                                                                
## [1309] "pre-pandem"                                                                              
## [1310] "pre-specifi"                                                                             
## [1311] "precari"                                                                                 
## [1312] "predict"                                                                                 
## [1313] "present"                                                                                 
## [1314] "press"                                                                                   
## [1315] "pressur"                                                                                 
## [1316] "preston"                                                                                 
## [1317] "pretti"                                                                                  
## [1318] "prevent"                                                                                 
## [1319] "previous"                                                                                
## [1320] "pricesth"                                                                                
## [1321] "primari"                                                                                 
## [1322] "primarili"                                                                               
## [1323] "prime"                                                                                   
## [1324] "principl"                                                                                
## [1325] "prior"                                                                                   
## [1326] "prioriti"                                                                                
## [1327] "prioritis"                                                                               
## [1328] "privat"                                                                                  
## [1329] "proactiv"                                                                                
## [1330] "problem—put"                                                                             
## [1331] "problems’"                                                                               
## [1332] "proceed"                                                                                 
## [1333] "procur"                                                                                  
## [1334] "produc"                                                                                  
## [1335] "product"                                                                                 
## [1336] "profess"                                                                                 
## [1337] "profession"                                                                              
## [1338] "professor"                                                                               
## [1339] "profit"                                                                                  
## [1340] "profound"                                                                                
## [1341] "programm"                                                                                
## [1342] "project’"                                                                                
## [1343] "promin"                                                                                  
## [1344] "promis"                                                                                  
## [1345] "promot"                                                                                  
## [1346] "prompt"                                                                                  
## [1347] "proper"                                                                                  
## [1348] "propos"                                                                                  
## [1349] "protect"                                                                                 
## [1350] "prove"                                                                                   
## [1351] "provis"                                                                                  
## [1352] "publish"                                                                                 
## [1353] "pull"                                                                                    
## [1354] "pullman"                                                                                 
## [1355] "pupil"                                                                                   
## [1356] "purchas"                                                                                 
## [1357] "push"                                                                                    
## [1358] "qualifi"                                                                                 
## [1359] "qualit"                                                                                  
## [1360] "qualiti"                                                                                 
## [1361] "quantit"                                                                                 
## [1362] "quarter"                                                                                 
## [1363] "question"                                                                                
## [1364] "queu"                                                                                    
## [1365] "queue"                                                                                   
## [1366] "quit"                                                                                    
## [1367] "quot"                                                                                    
## [1368] "quotat"                                                                                  
## [1369] "rachel"                                                                                  
## [1370] "radic"                                                                                   
## [1371] "rais"                                                                                    
## [1372] "rang"                                                                                    
## [1373] "rapid"                                                                                   
## [1374] "rapporteur"                                                                              
## [1375] "rate"                                                                                    
## [1376] "rather"                                                                                  
## [1377] "ration"                                                                                  
## [1378] "rayner"                                                                                  
## [1379] "reach"                                                                                   
## [1380] "read"                                                                                    
## [1381] "real"                                                                                    
## [1382] "realiti"                                                                                 
## [1383] "realli"                                                                                  
## [1384] "realm"                                                                                   
## [1385] "reason"                                                                                  
## [1386] "rebecca"                                                                                 
## [1387] "receipt"                                                                                 
## [1388] "receiv"                                                                                  
## [1389] "recent"                                                                                  
## [1390] "recognis"                                                                                
## [1391] "recognit"                                                                                
## [1392] "reconsid"                                                                                
## [1393] "record"                                                                                  
## [1394] "recoveri"                                                                                
## [1395] "redesign"                                                                                
## [1396] "redistribut"                                                                             
## [1397] "redruth"                                                                                 
## [1398] "reduc"                                                                                   
## [1399] "redund"                                                                                  
## [1400] "refer"                                                                                   
## [1401] "referr"                                                                                  
## [1402] "reflect"                                                                                 
## [1403] "reform"                                                                                  
## [1404] "reform’"                                                                                 
## [1405] "refuge"                                                                                  
## [1406] "regard"                                                                                  
## [1407] "regardless"                                                                              
## [1408] "region"                                                                                  
## [1409] "regul"                                                                                   
## [1410] "regular"                                                                                 
## [1411] "regulatori"                                                                              
## [1412] "reinforc"                                                                                
## [1413] "reiter"                                                                                  
## [1414] "reject"                                                                                  
## [1415] "relat"                                                                                   
## [1416] "relationship"                                                                            
## [1417] "releas"                                                                                  
## [1418] "relent"                                                                                  
## [1419] "reli"                                                                                    
## [1420] "relianc"                                                                                 
## [1421] "remain"                                                                                  
## [1422] "remark"                                                                                  
## [1423] "remind"                                                                                  
## [1424] "reopen"                                                                                  
## [1425] "repay"                                                                                   
## [1426] "repeat"                                                                                  
## [1427] "repercuss"                                                                               
## [1428] "replac"                                                                                  
## [1429] "repriev"                                                                                 
## [1430] "requir"                                                                                  
## [1431] "reshap"                                                                                  
## [1432] "resid"                                                                                   
## [1433] "resili"                                                                                  
## [1434] "resolut"                                                                                 
## [1435] "resourc"                                                                                 
## [1436] "respect"                                                                                 
## [1437] "respond"                                                                                 
## [1438] "rest"                                                                                    
## [1439] "restauranteur"                                                                           
## [1440] "restaurateur’"                                                                           
## [1441] "restor"                                                                                  
## [1442] "restrict"                                                                                
## [1443] "result"                                                                                  
## [1444] "resum"                                                                                   
## [1445] "resurfac"                                                                                
## [1446] "retail"                                                                                  
## [1447] "rethink"                                                                                 
## [1448] "retreat"                                                                                 
## [1449] "return"                                                                                  
## [1450] "retweet"                                                                                 
## [1451] "reuter"                                                                                  
## [1452] "revel"                                                                                   
## [1453] "revi"                                                                                    
## [1454] "review"                                                                                  
## [1455] "rich"                                                                                    
## [1456] "richard"                                                                                 
## [1457] "richardson"                                                                              
## [1458] "richest"                                                                                 
## [1459] "richmond-bishop"                                                                         
## [1460] "ridicul"                                                                                 
## [1461] "rightfood"                                                                               
## [1462] "rightfooduk"                                                                             
## [1463] "rights-bas"                                                                              
## [1464] "rights”"                                                                                 
## [1465] "rigid"                                                                                   
## [1466] "ring-fenc"                                                                               
## [1467] "risen"                                                                                   
## [1468] "rishi"                                                                                   
## [1469] "risk"                                                                                    
## [1470] "road"                                                                                    
## [1471] "roe"                                                                                     
## [1472] "role"                                                                                    
## [1473] "roof"                                                                                    
## [1474] "room"                                                                                    
## [1475] "root"                                                                                    
## [1476] "rose"                                                                                    
## [1477] "rosi"                                                                                    
## [1478] "rough"                                                                                   
## [1479] "round"                                                                                   
## [1480] "roundup"                                                                                 
## [1481] "rout"                                                                                    
## [1482] "row"                                                                                     
## [1483] "rowntre"                                                                                 
## [1484] "royal"                                                                                   
## [1485] "rspb"                                                                                    
## [1486] "rubbish"                                                                                 
## [1487] "run"                                                                                     
## [1488] "rural"                                                                                   
## [1489] "sabin"                                                                                   
## [1490] "sad"                                                                                     
## [1491] "safeti"                                                                                  
## [1492] "said"                                                                                    
## [1493] "sainsburi"                                                                               
## [1494] "saladino"                                                                                
## [1495] "salford"                                                                                 
## [1496] "salt"                                                                                    
## [1497] "satisfact"                                                                               
## [1498] "save"                                                                                    
## [1499] "saw"                                                                                     
## [1500] "say"                                                                                     
## [1501] "scale"                                                                                   
## [1502] "scath"                                                                                   
## [1503] "scenario"                                                                                
## [1504] "schools’"                                                                                
## [1505] "scotland"                                                                                
## [1506] "scottish"                                                                                
## [1507] "scrap"                                                                                   
## [1508] "scratch"                                                                                 
## [1509] "screen"                                                                                  
## [1510] "scrutini"                                                                                
## [1511] "season"                                                                                  
## [1512] "second"                                                                                  
## [1513] "secretari"                                                                               
## [1514] "section"                                                                                 
## [1515] "sector"                                                                                  
## [1516] "security”"                                                                               
## [1517] "see"                                                                                     
## [1518] "seek"                                                                                    
## [1519] "seeker"                                                                                  
## [1520] "seem"                                                                                    
## [1521] "seen"                                                                                    
## [1522] "select"                                                                                  
## [1523] "self-isol"                                                                               
## [1524] "self-suffici"                                                                            
## [1525] "senior"                                                                                  
## [1526] "sens"                                                                                    
## [1527] "sent"                                                                                    
## [1528] "sept"                                                                                    
## [1529] "septemb"                                                                                 
## [1530] "seri"                                                                                    
## [1531] "serv"                                                                                    
## [1532] "servic"                                                                                  
## [1533] "session"                                                                                 
## [1534] "seven"                                                                                   
## [1535] "seven-acr"                                                                               
## [1536] "sever"                                                                                   
## [1537] "sewel"                                                                                   
## [1538] "sfscs"                                                                                   
## [1539] "sft"                                                                                     
## [1540] "shame"                                                                                   
## [1541] "shape"                                                                                   
## [1542] "share"                                                                                   
## [1543] "sharp"                                                                                   
## [1544] "sharpli"                                                                                 
## [1545] "shaw"                                                                                    
## [1546] "sheffield"                                                                               
## [1547] "shelton"                                                                                 
## [1548] "shelv"                                                                                   
## [1549] "shield"                                                                                  
## [1550] "shift"                                                                                   
## [1551] "shirley"                                                                                 
## [1552] "shop"                                                                                    
## [1553] "short"                                                                                   
## [1554] "short-term"                                                                              
## [1555] "shortag"                                                                                 
## [1556] "shortcom"                                                                                
## [1557] "shortfal"                                                                                
## [1558] "shoulder"                                                                                
## [1559] "showcas"                                                                                 
## [1560] "shut"                                                                                    
## [1561] "shutdown"                                                                                
## [1562] "sign"                                                                                    
## [1563] "signatur"                                                                                
## [1564] "silli"                                                                                   
## [1565] "simmond"                                                                                 
## [1566] "simon"                                                                                   
## [1567] "simpl"                                                                                   
## [1568] "simpli"                                                                                  
## [1569] "simplist"                                                                                
## [1570] "sinc"                                                                                    
## [1571] "sinéad"                                                                                  
## [1572] "singl"                                                                                   
## [1573] "site"                                                                                    
## [1574] "situat"                                                                                  
## [1575] "six"                                                                                     
## [1576] "sixth"                                                                                   
## [1577] "size"                                                                                    
## [1578] "skip"                                                                                    
## [1579] "slowli"                                                                                  
## [1580] "small"                                                                                   
## [1581] "smaller"                                                                                 
## [1582] "snack"                                                                                   
## [1583] "snps"                                                                                    
## [1584] "soar"                                                                                    
## [1585] "sober"                                                                                   
## [1586] "societ"                                                                                  
## [1587] "societi"                                                                                 
## [1588] "socio-econom"                                                                            
## [1589] "soil"                                                                                    
## [1590] "solidar"                                                                                 
## [1591] "solut"                                                                                   
## [1592] "solv"                                                                                    
## [1593] "someth"                                                                                  
## [1594] "sometim"                                                                                 
## [1595] "son"                                                                                     
## [1596] "sort"                                                                                    
## [1597] "sought"                                                                                  
## [1598] "soup"                                                                                    
## [1599] "sourc"                                                                                   
## [1600] "south"                                                                                   
## [1601] "south-west"                                                                              
## [1602] "southwark"                                                                               
## [1603] "southwest"                                                                               
## [1604] "spain"                                                                                   
## [1605] "spark"                                                                                   
## [1606] "speak"                                                                                   
## [1607] "special"                                                                                 
## [1608] "specif"                                                                                  
## [1609] "spector"                                                                                 
## [1610] "speech"                                                                                  
## [1611] "spell"                                                                                   
## [1612] "spend"                                                                                   
## [1613] "spiral"                                                                                  
## [1614] "spoken"                                                                                  
## [1615] "spokesman"                                                                               
## [1616] "sprout"                                                                                  
## [1617] "squalor"                                                                                 
## [1618] "squeeze’"                                                                                
## [1619] "stabil"                                                                                  
## [1620] "staff"                                                                                   
## [1621] "stage"                                                                                   
## [1622] "stagger"                                                                                 
## [1623] "standard"                                                                                
## [1624] "stapl"                                                                                   
## [1625] "stark"                                                                                   
## [1626] "state"                                                                                   
## [1627] "statist"                                                                                 
## [1628] "status"                                                                                  
## [1629] "steep"                                                                                   
## [1630] "stem"                                                                                    
## [1631] "step"                                                                                    
## [1632] "stick"                                                                                   
## [1633] "stigmatis"                                                                               
## [1634] "still"                                                                                   
## [1635] "stood"                                                                                   
## [1636] "stop"                                                                                    
## [1637] "stope"                                                                                   
## [1638] "store"                                                                                   
## [1639] "stori"                                                                                   
## [1640] "storm"                                                                                   
## [1641] "strain"                                                                                  
## [1642] "strateg"                                                                                 
## [1643] "stratospher"                                                                             
## [1644] "street"                                                                                  
## [1645] "stress"                                                                                  
## [1646] "stretch"                                                                                 
## [1647] "striker"                                                                                 
## [1648] "strong"                                                                                  
## [1649] "stronger"                                                                                
## [1650] "structur"                                                                                
## [1651] "stuck"                                                                                   
## [1652] "student"                                                                                 
## [1653] "studi"                                                                                   
## [1654] "sturgeon"                                                                                
## [1655] "subject"                                                                                 
## [1656] "success"                                                                                 
## [1657] "suffer"                                                                                  
## [1658] "suffici"                                                                                 
## [1659] "sufra"                                                                                   
## [1660] "sugar"                                                                                   
## [1661] "suggest"                                                                                 
## [1662] "sum"                                                                                     
## [1663] "summari"                                                                                 
## [1664] "summaris"                                                                                
## [1665] "summer"                                                                                  
## [1666] "summer’"                                                                                 
## [1667] "summit"                                                                                  
## [1668] "sunak"                                                                                   
## [1669] "sunak’"                                                                                  
## [1670] "sunday"                                                                                  
## [1671] "sunday”"                                                                                 
## [1672] "supermarket"                                                                             
## [1673] "support’"                                                                                
## [1674] "supportfood"                                                                             
## [1675] "suppos"                                                                                  
## [1676] "sure"                                                                                    
## [1677] "surg"                                                                                    
## [1678] "surplus"                                                                                 
## [1679] "surpris"                                                                                 
## [1680] "surround"                                                                                
## [1681] "surviv"                                                                                  
## [1682] "suspend"                                                                                 
## [1683] "suspens"                                                                                 
## [1684] "swath"                                                                                   
## [1685] "sweet"                                                                                   
## [1686] "symbol"                                                                                  
## [1687] "system-wid"                                                                              
## [1688] "tabl"                                                                                    
## [1689] "tailor"                                                                                  
## [1690] "take"                                                                                    
## [1691] "talk"                                                                                    
## [1692] "task"                                                                                    
## [1693] "tax"                                                                                     
## [1694] "taylor"                                                                                  
## [1695] "tbbt"                                                                                    
## [1696] "teacher"                                                                                 
## [1697] "team"                                                                                    
## [1698] "teen"                                                                                    
## [1699] "televis"                                                                                 
## [1700] "tell"                                                                                    
## [1701] "temporari"                                                                               
## [1702] "tender"                                                                                  
## [1703] "tension"                                                                                 
## [1704] "terri"                                                                                   
## [1705] "tesco"                                                                                   
## [1706] "test"                                                                                    
## [1707] "thank"                                                                                   
## [1708] "that"                                                                                    
## [1709] "theme"                                                                                   
## [1710] "themselvestheir"                                                                         
## [1711] "there"                                                                                   
## [1712] "theresa"                                                                                 
## [1713] "theyr"                                                                                   
## [1714] "thing"                                                                                   
## [1715] "think"                                                                                   
## [1716] "thinktank"                                                                               
## [1717] "third"                                                                                   
## [1718] "thompson"                                                                                
## [1719] "thousand"                                                                                
## [1720] "threat"                                                                                  
## [1721] "threaten"                                                                                
## [1722] "three"                                                                                   
## [1723] "three-cours"                                                                             
## [1724] "three-year"                                                                              
## [1725] "threshold"                                                                               
## [1726] "thrown"                                                                                  
## [1727] "tide"                                                                                    
## [1728] "tier"                                                                                    
## [1729] "tim"                                                                                     
## [1730] "time"                                                                                    
## [1731] "time”"                                                                                   
## [1732] "tin"                                                                                     
## [1733] "titl"                                                                                    
## [1734] "tobacco"                                                                                 
## [1735] "today"                                                                                   
## [1736] "togeth"                                                                                  
## [1737] "toll"                                                                                    
## [1738] "tom"                                                                                     
## [1739] "tomato"                                                                                  
## [1740] "toni"                                                                                    
## [1741] "tool"                                                                                    
## [1742] "top"                                                                                     
## [1743] "top-"                                                                                    
## [1744] "topic"                                                                                   
## [1745] "total"                                                                                   
## [1746] "tough"                                                                                   
## [1747] "toward"                                                                                  
## [1748] "track"                                                                                   
## [1749] "trade"                                                                                   
## [1750] "transcript"                                                                              
## [1751] "transform"                                                                               
## [1752] "transport"                                                                               
## [1753] "trap"                                                                                    
## [1754] "trend"                                                                                   
## [1755] "tri"                                                                                     
## [1756] "true"                                                                                    
## [1757] "trussel"                                                                                 
## [1758] "truth"                                                                                   
## [1759] "tsar"                                                                                    
## [1760] "tsunami"                                                                                 
## [1761] "turn"                                                                                    
## [1762] "tweak"                                                                                   
## [1763] "tweet"                                                                                   
## [1764] "twelv"                                                                                   
## [1765] "twitter"                                                                                 
## [1766] "two"                                                                                     
## [1767] "two-year"                                                                                
## [1768] "type"                                                                                    
## [1769] "typic"                                                                                   
## [1770] "u-turn"                                                                                  
## [1771] "ugli"                                                                                    
## [1772] "uk-eu"                                                                                   
## [1773] "uk-wid"                                                                                  
## [1774] "uk’"                                                                                     
## [1775] "ukri"                                                                                    
## [1776] "ultim"                                                                                   
## [1777] "unabl"                                                                                   
## [1778] "unaccept"                                                                                
## [1779] "unconcern"                                                                               
## [1780] "under"                                                                                   
## [1781] "underfeed"                                                                               
## [1782] "undermin"                                                                                
## [1783] "undernourish"                                                                            
## [1784] "underpin"                                                                                
## [1785] "understand"                                                                              
## [1786] "undertak"                                                                                
## [1787] "unemploy"                                                                                
## [1788] "unexpect"                                                                                
## [1789] "unfold"                                                                                  
## [1790] "unfortun"                                                                                
## [1791] "unicef"                                                                                  
## [1792] "union"                                                                                   
## [1793] "unit"                                                                                    
## [1794] "universalcredit"                                                                         
## [1795] "university’"                                                                             
## [1796] "unjust"                                                                                  
## [1797] "unless"                                                                                  
## [1798] "unpack"                                                                                  
## [1799] "unpreced"                                                                                
## [1800] "unwind"                                                                                  
## [1801] "updat"                                                                                   
## [1802] "upload"                                                                                  
## [1803] "upon"                                                                                    
## [1804] "uprat"                                                                                   
## [1805] "upset"                                                                                   
## [1806] "urg"                                                                                     
## [1807] "urgent"                                                                                  
## [1808] "us’"                                                                                     
## [1809] "usag"                                                                                    
## [1810] "user"                                                                                    
## [1811] "usual"                                                                                   
## [1812] "valu"                                                                                    
## [1813] "vanguard"                                                                                
## [1814] "varieti"                                                                                 
## [1815] "various"                                                                                 
## [1816] "veg"                                                                                     
## [1817] "veget"                                                                                   
## [1818] "venu"                                                                                    
## [1819] "via"                                                                                     
## [1820] "video"                                                                                   
## [1821] "vigour"                                                                                  
## [1822] "violat"                                                                                  
## [1823] "viral"                                                                                   
## [1824] "virtual"                                                                                 
## [1825] "virus"                                                                                   
## [1826] "visibl"                                                                                  
## [1827] "vision"                                                                                  
## [1828] "visit’"                                                                                  
## [1829] "vital"                                                                                   
## [1830] "voic"                                                                                    
## [1831] "volunt"                                                                                  
## [1832] "voluntari"                                                                               
## [1833] "vote"                                                                                    
## [1834] "vulner"                                                                                  
## [1835] "wage"                                                                                    
## [1836] "wait"                                                                                    
## [1837] "wale"                                                                                    
## [1838] "want"                                                                                    
## [1839] "warn"                                                                                    
## [1840] "wast"                                                                                    
## [1841] "watch"                                                                                   
## [1842] "water"                                                                                   
## [1843] "watford"                                                                                 
## [1844] "wave"                                                                                    
## [1845] "wave’"                                                                                   
## [1846] "way…"                                                                                    
## [1847] "wealthiest"                                                                              
## [1848] "weather"                                                                                 
## [1849] "webinar"                                                                                 
## [1850] "websit"                                                                                  
## [1851] "weeks”"                                                                                  
## [1852] "welcom"                                                                                  
## [1853] "welfar"                                                                                  
## [1854] "well"                                                                                    
## [1855] "wellb"                                                                                   
## [1856] "welsh"                                                                                   
## [1857] "went"                                                                                    
## [1858] "west"                                                                                    
## [1859] "westminst"                                                                               
## [1860] "whammi"                                                                                  
## [1861] "wheel"                                                                                   
## [1862] "whether"                                                                                 
## [1863] "whilst"                                                                                  
## [1864] "white"                                                                                   
## [1865] "whole"                                                                                   
## [1866] "whose"                                                                                   
## [1867] "wick"                                                                                    
## [1868] "widen"                                                                                   
## [1869] "williamson"                                                                              
## [1870] "wilson"                                                                                  
## [1871] "winter"                                                                                  
## [1872] "within"                                                                                  
## [1873] "without"                                                                                 
## [1874] "witnessing”"                                                                             
## [1875] "wood"                                                                                    
## [1876] "word"                                                                                    
## [1877] "work-income-rel"                                                                         
## [1878] "worker"                                                                                  
## [1879] "workers’"                                                                                
## [1880] "working-ag"                                                                              
## [1881] "workshop"                                                                                
## [1882] "world"                                                                                   
## [1883] "worri"                                                                                   
## [1884] "worry’"                                                                                  
## [1885] "wors"                                                                                    
## [1886] "worse’"                                                                                  
## [1887] "worsen"                                                                                  
## [1888] "worth"                                                                                   
## [1889] "wouldn’t"                                                                                
## [1890] "wright"                                                                                  
## [1891] "write"                                                                                   
## [1892] "written"                                                                                 
## [1893] "wrong"                                                                                   
## [1894] "wto"                                                                                     
## [1895] "wycomb"                                                                                  
## [1896] "year’"                                                                                   
## [1897] "yet"                                                                                     
## [1898] "yield"                                                                                   
## [1899] "york"                                                                                    
## [1900] "yougov"                                                                                  
## [1901] "young"                                                                                   
## [1902] "younger"                                                                                 
## [1903] "zero"                                                                                    
## [1904] "zick"

#> 5. A set of indices corresponding to the positions in the original documents object of documents which no longer contained any words after dropping terms from the vocab
d.rem <- out$docs.removed
print(d.rem)

## [1] 313

#> 6. An integer corresponding to the number of unique tokens removed from the corpus
t.rem <- out$tokens.removed
print(t.rem)

## [1] 4427

#> 7. A table giving the the number of documents that each word is found in of the original document set, prior to any removal. This can be passed through a histogram for visual inspection
w.count <- out$wordcounts
print(w.count)

##    [1]   1   1   1   2   1   1   1   2   2   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   1
##   [19]   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   3   4   2
##   [37]   3   1   1   3   1   1   1   1   2   1   1   2   6   1   2   1   1   1
##   [55]   1   2  22   1   4   4   2   2   1  12   2  14   4   1   1   2   2   2
##   [73]  26   8   1   1   1   7   3   1   1   8  20   1   1   1   1   1   1   2
##   [91]   1   2   3  25   1   1   1   1   2   1   1   1   1   1   4   3   5   6
##  [109]  20   2   1   2   1   1   2   2   2   1  10   1   2   1   2   1   1   1
##  [127]   4   4   5   2   3   2   2   1   1   1   1   1   3  18   1   1   5   1
##  [145]   3   1  18   5   1   1   3   1   1  47   2   1   1   1   4   1   4   6
##  [163]   1   4   1   1   1   1   1   3   2   1   1  14   1   2   7   2   1   1
##  [181]   3   1   1   1  11   5   1   2   1  78   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   8
##  [199]   1   1   9   1   6   1   1   7   1   1   1   1   3   1   1   3   4   1
##  [217]   1   1  20   1   2   8   1   1   1   1   1   5   1   2   8   1   2   1
##  [235]   1   1  21   1   4   3   1   1   1   2   7   3   1   4   1   1   1   1
##  [253]   1   1   1   1   3   1   1   1   9   1   8   4   7   1   1   1   1   1
##  [271]   1   1   1   1   3   9   1   1   2   8   1   1   2   4   1   1   1  30
##  [289]   1   1  32   1   1  14   2   1   1   3   1   2   2   2   1   2   1   5
##  [307]   1  16   1   3   1   1   2   1   8   1   1   2   6   3   1   3   3   8
##  [325]   8   1   1   1  19   1   1   1   6  24   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   3
##  [343]  24   2  42   4   4   2   4   2   5   2   1   1   1   1   8   2   6   3
##  [361]   4   2   2   1   1   3   1   1   1   1   1   1   3   1   2   2   1   6
##  [379]   1   1   8   2   4   2   3   1   1  21   3   9   3   1   1   2   2   3
##  [397]   3  10   1   1   1   3   1   1   1   2   1   1   3   1   1   3   4   1
##  [415]   1   3   1  10   1   2   1   1   3   3   2   7   1   3  10   1  33   1
##  [433]   1   1   9   1   2   3   2   1   8  24  42   1   1   1   1   1   5   1
##  [451]  42   3  28   2   1   1   1   4   1   3   7   1  26   1   1   2   1   1
##  [469]   2   1   1   1  29   1   1   2   1   3   1   1   7   2   5   5   1   2
##  [487]   1   2   3   2   2   1   1   2   1   1   1   3   1   1   3   1   2   1
##  [505]   8   1  27   1   1   1   1   2   2   3   4   1   2   2   2   2   4   4
##  [523]  12   1   2   3   2   3   9   1   3   3   1   3   3   4   1   1   2   2
##  [541]   4   6   2   1   1  12   1   1   1   3   1   1   2  11   5   1   4   1
##  [559]   1   2   2   2   1   1   5   8   3   1   1   5   1   1   1   2   2   2
##  [577]   2   3   1   4   1  16   1   2   1   6   2   1   1   5   1   3   1  10
##  [595]   1   6   1   4   8   5   8   2   2   1   1   1   6   1   1   1  25   2
##  [613]   1   3   1   1   1   1   2   1   3   1   1   2  27   1   1   7  13  15
##  [631]   1   3  10   1   1   1   4   1   1   6   2   3   2   1   1   1   2   2
##  [649]   6   1   1   2   8   1   4   2   1   2  10   6   2   1   3   1   2   6
##  [667]   1   7   6   9   1   9   1   1   2   2   1   5   1   2   6   2  10  15
##  [685]   4   7   1   6   5   2   8   1   2   5   2   1  20   4   3   5   3   4
##  [703]   5   1   1  45   1   2   1   1   1   2   1   1   1   1   5   3   3   1
##  [721]  11   1   2   2   1   3   6   6   2   2   2  14  10   1  30   1   1   1
##  [739]   1   5   1   3   1   1   1  10   2 324   1   5   1   1   2   1   1   7
##  [757]   1   1   1   1   1   4   1   1   1   2   3   1   6  18   1   5   1   2
##  [775]   3   1   1  42   1   2   1   5   1   1   1   1   1  10   1   3   1   5
##  [793]   1   5   1  13   2   1   5   1  10   2   3   1   1   1   2   2   1   5
##  [811]   1   1   1   1   2   3  13   1   1   4   9   1   5   1   1   1   1   1
##  [829]  13   1   4   1   1   1   1  67   8   2   1   1   1   1   5   1   9   1
##  [847]   1   1   2   1  14   9   1   1   1   5   1   2   1   1   1   1   9   2
##  [865]   1   3   1   1   5   1   1   4   1   1   1   2  23  13   2   1   2   1
##  [883]   3   1   1  24   5   6   1   2   1  12   1   1   3   3  21   2   3   1
##  [901]   1  13   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   5  38   3   1   2   2   3
##  [919]   3   2   5   1  15   1   8   1   1   3   4   3  20   1   3   1   1   1
##  [937]   1   4   3   1  34   1   1   1  23   1   2   4   6   1   1  45  28   1
##  [955]   1   1   2  46   1  11   1   5   1   1   4   1  17  12   1   1   4   1
##  [973]   9   2   2  54   1   3   2   1   2   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   1
##  [991]   4   2   1   1   1   3   6   2   2   1   1   1   1   3   1  19   5   2
## [1009]   6   1   6   1   1   9   1   1   7   1   4   1   3   3   4   1   2   3
## [1027]   1   1   2  15   1   1   1   1   1   2   1  10   1   1  11   1   1   1
## [1045]   1   1   1   1   4   1   3   1   1   4   4   1   1   2   5   1   1  17
## [1063]  11   1   3   9   5   2   4   3   1   3   4   1   4   1   5   1   2   7
## [1081]   2   1   9   7   1  18   1  19   1   1   1   5   1   3   3  13   3   1
## [1099]   5  15   1  41   6   1   2  29   1  15   1  11   3   4   5   1   1   6
## [1117]   1   2   5   1   1   2   1  18   6   1   2   2   2   5   1   1   4   1
## [1135]   4   1  23   2   1   7   7  15   1   5   2   1   1  18   1   4   2   2
## [1153]   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   1   5  58   4   1   1   3   1   2   1
## [1171]   1  11   5   1   5   1   6   1   2   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   1  16
## [1189]   1   2   1  11   1   1   1   1   1   6   1   1   1   1   5   2   9   1
## [1207]   3   1  20   1   1   1   1   1   1   3   1   4   1   5   1   1   1   2
## [1225]   2   5   1   1  25   1   4   7   1   1  79   1   2   1   1   5   1   7
## [1243]   5  45   1   2   5   1   2   6   1   1   2   1   1   1   1   3   1   1
## [1261]   1   1   8   2   1   1   1   4  14   1  18   1   8   7   1   4   1   1
## [1279]   4   6   1   4   1   1   1   1  26   3   1   8   3   4   5   2   1   1
## [1297]   2   1  13   1   6   1   1   4   1   1   2   1   1   2   1   1   1   9
## [1315]   1   1   1   1   1   3   2   4   1   1   1  66   1   1  10  21   2   9
## [1333]   1   3   2  10   1   1  10   2   1   3   1   1   1   1  10   8   1   1
## [1351]   2   1   2  55   4   8   1   3   4   1   5   2   2   3   1   2   2   1
## [1369]   3   2   1   1  32   1   1   6  12   2   2   1   6   2   2   5   1   5
## [1387]   1   1   1   4  18   1   5   1   5   2   1   4   3   1   2   1   1   2
## [1405]   4  10   4   2   2   4  88   8   3   1   1   1   3   1   1   1   3   3
## [1423]   8   1   3   4   6  14   1   2   1   2   2   2   1   1   2   1  16   1
## [1441]   1   1   2   7   3   1   1   1   1   3   5  13   1   1   1   2   1   2
## [1459]  10   4   1  49   9  15   4   1   1   2   1   3  13   1   1   3   2   1
## [1477]   3   1   1   3   7   1   2   2   4   4   1   1  22   4   4   1   1   3
## [1495]   2   5  10   9   1   4   1   1   3   6   2   2  18   1   2   3   1   1
## [1513]   1  10   1   5   4   4   1   1   1   3   1   7   1   3   1   1   3   1
## [1531]   8   1   4   1   5   5   2   1   1   1   2   1   1   4  86   1   4  12
## [1549]   1   3   9   1   4   1   7  35   1   1   1   1   2   5   2   1   5   2
## [1567]   1   1   1   1  15   1   1  10   1   1   1   1   1   1  29   1   1   2
## [1585]   1   1   1  25   1   4  10   1   1   5   1   1   4   1   1   1   1   1
## [1603]   2   1   3   1   1   1   3   1   4   2   6   6   1   1   1   5   1   1
## [1621]   1   9  10   1   1  18  61   1   6   2   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   2
## [1639]   4  38   1  10   2   1   4   9   2   1   1   1   1   3   2   4   4   1
## [1657]   8   2  11   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   1   3   1   3   1   2
## [1675]   3   2   1   7   2   1   6   1   1   1  24   1   1   1   4   1  11   1
## [1693]   1   1   3   7   1   8   1   2   1   3   2   1   1   5   1   3   2   1
## [1711]   1   2   1  24   1   5   2   1   1   8   3   1   1   1   1   1   1   1
## [1729]   2   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   1   1   1   1   3   1   1   1   1   1
## [1747]   1   1   1   3   1   3   1   2  15   7   2   3   1   1   4   2   1   3
## [1765]   1   2   1   1   3   2   1   1  19   1   1   2   1   1   2   2   6  25
## [1783]   1   4  10   1   1   2   2   4   1   5   1   2   5   7   9   1   1   3
## [1801]   1   1   1   5  16  55   1   1   1   4   6   3   1   1  13   2   1   1
## [1819]  21   1   1   1  43   1   5  11   2   7   4   1   6   1   1   3   4   1
## [1837]   1   3   2   1   1  18   2   2   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   4   3
## [1855]   1   3   2   2   1   1   8   1   1   4   1   1   1   7   9   1   1   1
## [1873]   1   2   2   2   3   2   1   1   2   2   1   1   1   2   3   9   2   1
## [1891]   2   3   3   4   3  10  12   2   1   1   3   1   1   1   1   8   1   1
## [1909]   1   2   1   1   1   4   1   2   7   1   1   5   1   2   1   1   1   1
## [1927]   4   1   1   1   1   1   2  48   2   1   2   2   1   2   1   2  12   1
## [1945]   2   1   1   8   7   1   2  51   3   1   5   1   1   2   8   4   1   8
## [1963]   2   1   1   1   2   1   1   4   1   3   3   8   1   3  17   9   9   2
## [1981]   4   5   5   2   2   1   1   2   1  11   1   1   1   1   3  12   1   3
## [1999]  10   9   3   2   2   3   1   1   1   6   1   4   1   3   1   2  11  41
## [2017]   1   1   6   2   5   1   2   1  26   1   5   1   1   1   2   7   1   3
## [2035]   1   1   1   1   1   1   4   1   1   2  21   1   3   1   2   3   7   1
## [2053]   1   1

7.3 Estimate (run) and model(s)

• Run structural topic model with different numbers of topics (K) (3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21)
  
• Run stm with K=0 to assess usefulness for determining possible range for “true” K

#> 4.2  EVALUATING THE STRUCTURAL TOPIC MODEL
#> Estimation with topical prevalence parameter (Year of publication) - as a covariate

#> Allocate plenty of memory for stm runs
memory.size()
memory.limit(size=500000)

#> 4.2.1 - Estimate choice of number of topics using searchK function
set.seed(54321)
K <-c (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21)
k.result <- stm::searchK(out$documents, out$vocab, K, prevalence =~ DATE, data = out$meta)


#> Plot the diganostic values of searchK function (e.g. semantic coherence
png(here("Out", "Topic_modelling", "SearchK", "Plot1_searchK_results.png"), width = 800, height = 600)
kplot <- plot.searchK(k.result)
dev.off()
#> Notes:
# - Held-out likelihood essential a measure of complexity - an "old" metric that doesn't provide good "human" results: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfHCronRgQU&t=42s
#> Note, the results of searchK may not be as useful as comparing semantic coherence with exclusivity (see later)



#> FITTING OF MODEL ANMD EVALUATION OF #K (topics)
#> Generate a range of stm models with different values of K
#> For each model, generate a series of outputs, including top topics, semantic coherence vs. exclusivity, and word clouds - in order to choose "final K"
#> Chosen 10 to 50 in 10 increments of 10 as we think more than 50 topics would be difficult to interpret given time and resources

library(Rtsne)
library(rsvd)
library(geometry)

#> K = 0
#> When initialization type is set to "Spectral" the user can specify K = 0 to use the algorithm of Lee and Mimno (2014) to select the number of topics. The core idea of the spectral initialization is to approximately find the vertices of the convex hull of the word co-occurrences. The algorithm of Lee and Mimno (2014) projects the matrix into a low dimensional space using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (Van der Maaten 2014) and then exactly solves for the convex hull. This has the advantage of automatically selecting the number of topics. The added randomness from the projection means that the algorithm is not deterministic like the standard "Spectral" initialization type. Running it with a different seed can result in not only different results but a different number of topics. We emphasize that this procedure has no particular statistical guarantees and should not be seen as estimating the “true” number of topics. However it can be useful to start and has the computational advantage that it only needs to be run once.
stm.0 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 0, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 1000, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")


#> Run stm with specified number of topics (note: no need to set seed with spectral initialization)
# 
# #> K = 2 - DOES NOT WORK WITH ONLY 2 TOPICS
# stm.2 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 2, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 3 
stm.3 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 3, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 4 
stm.4 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 4, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 5
stm.5 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 5, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 6
stm.6 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 6, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 9
stm.9 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 9, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 12
stm.12 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 12, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 15
stm.15 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 15, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 18
stm.18 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 18, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
#> K = 21
stm.21 <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 21, prevalence =~ DATE, max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")


# with spline "s()" applied to DATE

# #> K = 3 
# stm.2.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 2, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 3 
# stm.3.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 3, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 4 
# stm.4.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 4, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 4 
# stm.5.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 5, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 6
# stm.6.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 6, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 9
# stm.9.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 9, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 12
# stm.12.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 12, prevalence =~s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 15
# stm.15.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 15, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 18
# stm.18.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 18, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")
# #> K = 21
# stm.21.sp <- stm::stm(documents = out$documents, vocab = out$vocab, K = 21, prevalence =~ s(DATE), max.em.its = 100, data = out$meta, init.type = "Spectral")

7.4 Evaluate models

Evaluate range of models produced in Section 7.2 to determine K

• Plot semantic coherence against exclusivity for all plots
  
• Interpret topics for each stm run using a combination of interactive LDAviz plots, word clouds
  

#### 7.4.1 Semantic coherence vs. Exclusivity

7.4.2 STM plots

Plots of the different STM models showing topic proportions and the top 3 words associated with each topic

plot(stm.3, n=3, main = "STM 3")

plot(stm.4, n=4, main = "STM 4")

plot(stm.5, n=5, main = "STM 5")

plot(stm.6, n=6, main = "STM 6")

plot(stm.9, n=9, main = "STM 9")

plot(stm.12, n=12, main = "STM 12")

plot(stm.15, n=15, main = "STM 15")

plot(stm.18, n=18, main = "STM 18")

plot(stm.21, n=21, main = "STM 21")

7.4.3 ‘LDAvis’ interactive plots

The LDAvis R package is designed to help users interpret the topics in a topic model that has been fit to a corpus of text data. The package extracts information from a fitted LDA topic model to inform an interactive web-based visualization.

LDAvis outputs have been generated for each of the model runs. Click on the links below to explore the interactive model visualisations:

3 topic model
4 topic model
5 topic model
6 topic model
9 topic model
12 topic model
15 topic model
18 topic model
21 topic model

7.4.4 Word clouds

Other outputs to aid model evaluation (e.g. findThoughts,

8. Topics: Temporal analysis

Plotting latent topics over time

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